CPPS 325 Pre-Midterm 1 with correct ANSWERS

CPPS 325 Pre-Midterm 1 with correct
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ANSWERS

Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


✔✔Injected himself with ground-up animal testicles led to
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development of modern hormone therapy. Largely placebo |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\




Basic Principle of a Cell Signalling Pathway - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔Stimuli -> Receptors -> Transducers -> Amplifiers ->
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Messengers -> Sensors and Effectors -> Cellular Responses
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(Fertilization, Proliferation, Differentiation, Secretion, Contraction,
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Metabolism, Membrane Excitability, Learning and Memory).
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Ligand Receptor Interaction - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A single
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ligand will bind to receptor and, until it detaches from receptor
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will keep the signal going to induce an amplified effect. There is a
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huge amount of specificity in ligand receptor binding.
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Ligands - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Hormones, GF, gases, All first
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messengers. Must be specific and saturable to a receptor.
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Receptors/Transducers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Ligand binding |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


domain, enzymatic activity in intracellular domain/protein kinase
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activity. Can be transmembrane. Sensitivity of a cell is
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determined by the number and type of cell surface receptor.
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,Intracellular Mediators - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Adaptor proteins,
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docking proteins, GTP binding proteins
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Effector/Target Protein or Enzyme - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


✔✔Protein or lipid kinases, phosphodiesterases, metabolic
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enzymes, All second messengers. |\ |\ |\




Cell Communication - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cellular signals
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propagate through both electrical and chemical signals. Gap
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junctions allow electrical communication, which is faster than
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chemical. Chemical require a |\ |\ |\




Gap Junctions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Only allow small
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molecules through. Go from high [ ] to low [ ]. In some cases,
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small charged particles. There is low resistance. Electrical cell
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communication.


Chemical Communication - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Slower than
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electrical because plasma membrane is impermeable to ions and
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polar molecules so the diffusion of the stimuli takes much longer
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than depolarization. The stimulus (Hormone, NT, or GF) binds a
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receptor on the outside and directs activities of a cell.
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Juxtacrine - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The ligand is bound to the
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surface of one cell and the receptor is bound to the surface of
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another and the interaction initiates a cell response. It is cell-cell
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interaction.

, Autocrine - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Cell produces the signal and
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the stimuli binds itself.
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Paracrine - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One cell releases the stimuli
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and it binds to a receptor on a local cell near by.
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Endocrine - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The signal (Hormone) enters
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the blood stream and binds the receptor in where it needs to.
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Think international. |\




Estrogen Receptors - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Are intercellular in
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the nucleus, not transmembrane. Estrogen enters the cell, enters
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the nucleus where the protein Hsp90 is bound to the estrogen
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receptor keeping it silent and inactive. Once estrogen binds, the
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receptor dimerizes. The dimerized estrogen receptors then
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associate with co-activators of HAT activity, stimulating
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transcription of targeted genes. |\ |\ |\




Histone Acetyltransferase HAT - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Generally
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- TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION (associates with RNApolII)
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Enzymes that acetylate lysine residues on histone proteins that
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have DNA wrapped around them. The binding of HAT decreases
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interaction of histone with DNA due to a decrease in the positive
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charge on histones (lysine acetylated) and results in a more
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relaxed structure allowing for genes to be turned on and off.
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Acetylated lysine generate binding sites for specific |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\


protein/protein interactions, like nuclear receptors (estrogen
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receptors, and transcription factors). Facilitate transcription.
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