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D574 - Neuropsychology EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the three main components of the hindbrain?
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
What vital functions does the hindbrain regulate?
Breathing, heart rate regulation, and motor coordination.
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Portion of the nervous system that connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) include?
The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
A portion of the nervous system that conveys messages from the sense organs to
the CNS.
What does the Somatic Nervous System do?
It conveys messages from the CNS to the muscles.
What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
What is Behavioral Neuroscience?
The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of
behavior and experience.
What does Behavioral Neuroscience emphasize?
The relationship between biology and psychology.
What is another name for Biological Psychology?
Biopsychology, psychobiology, or physiological psychology
What does Biological Psychology focus on?
Understanding behavior through physiological, evolutionary, and developmental
mechanisms.
What is consciousness?
The state or quality of awareness, subjectivity, and experience.
What philosophical issue is consciousness particularly related to?
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The mind-body problem.
How is consciousness related to brain activity?
Consciousness is connected to brain activity.
What does an evolutionary explanation describe?
The evolutionary history of a structure or behavior.
What does an evolutionary explanation highlight?
Modifications from ancestral species.
What are adaptive advantages in the context of evolutionary explanation?
Benefits that arise from modifications that enhance survival or reproduction.
What is a functional explanation in biology?
The description of the developmental processes underlying a behavior or trait.
What influences the developmental processes of a behavior or trait?
Genetic and environmental influences during an organism's lifespan.
What is an ontogenetic explanation?
The description of the developmental processes underlying a behavior or trait.
What factors are involved in ontogenetic explanations?
Genetic and environmental influences during an organism's lifespan.
What is the physiological explanation in psychology?
The description of the relationship between a behavior and the activity of the brain
and other bodily organs.
What does physiological explanation focus on?
The biological mechanisms underlying behavior.
What is neuroethics?
The study of ethical issues arising from research in neuroscience and related fields.
What are some concerns addressed in neuroethics?
Concerns about animal research and human experimentation.
What are the Three Rs in animal research?
Reduction, replacement, and refinement
What does 'Reduction' refer to in the context of the Three Rs?
The aim to reduce the number of animals used in research
What does 'Replacement' mean in the Three Rs framework?
Finding alternatives to animal models when possible
What is meant by 'Refinement' in the Three Rs?
Improving procedures to minimize pain and distress for animals
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What is biological psychology?
The study of biology, physiology, and developmental and evolutionary sciences.
How do ontogenetic explanations interpret behavior?
They use developmental and biological aspects to explain behavior.
How do professionals in biological psychology apply neuroethics in research?
Biological psychology researchers consider neuroethics in research by identifying
four concepts: Many behavioral mechanisms are similar across species, an interest
in animals, studying animals gives insight into human evolution, and legal and ethical
restrictions on human participants.
What are astrocytes?
Star-shaped glial cells in the brain.
What is one function of astrocytes?
They wrap around dendrites.
How do astrocytes interact with neurons?
They synchronize closely related neurons.
What do astrocytes regulate in active brain areas?
Blood flow.
Axon
A thin fiber of constant diameter that conveys impulses from one neuron to another.
Dendrites
Branching fibers that receive information from other neurons and contain synaptic
receptors.
Glia
Non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons, including astrocytes, microglia,
oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
What are mitochondria?
Organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) in cells.
Why is ATP generation important?
It is crucial for brain function, cognition, and mental health.
Myelin Sheath
Insulating material that surrounds and protects certain vertebrate axons, improving
the speed of nerve impulses.
Neurons
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Specialized cells responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information
in the nervous system.
Soma
The cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria.
Synapse
Junction between two neurons where chemical signals are transmitted from one
neuron to another.
What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?
To regulate rhythm and breathing.
How does the brain send messages to muscles?
Through motor neurons with a soma.
Which types of nutrients are used by vertebrate neurons?
Vertebrate neurons use nutrients such as glucose, ketones, lactate, and oxygen to
meet the body's needs.
Action Potential
Messages sent by axons, characterized by depolarization of the neuron membrane.
What is the All-or-none Law?
The principle stating that all action potentials, once initiated, are approximately equal
in amplitude and velocity.
What happens to action potentials once they are initiated?
They are approximately equal in amplitude and velocity.
Does the intensity of the stimulus affect the amplitude of action potentials?
No, action potentials are approximately equal regardless of the intensity of the
stimulus.
What is depolarization?
Reduction of the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a
neuron.
What does depolarization lead to?
The initiation of an action potential.
What is hyperpolarization?
Increased polarization of the neuron membrane.
What is the result of hyperpolarization in a neuron?
A more negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside.
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
D574 - Neuropsychology EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What are the three main components of the hindbrain?
Medulla, pons, and cerebellum.
What vital functions does the hindbrain regulate?
Breathing, heart rate regulation, and motor coordination.
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Portion of the nervous system that connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) include?
The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
What is the Somatic Nervous System?
A portion of the nervous system that conveys messages from the sense organs to
the CNS.
What does the Somatic Nervous System do?
It conveys messages from the CNS to the muscles.
What is the function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
What is Behavioral Neuroscience?
The study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of
behavior and experience.
What does Behavioral Neuroscience emphasize?
The relationship between biology and psychology.
What is another name for Biological Psychology?
Biopsychology, psychobiology, or physiological psychology
What does Biological Psychology focus on?
Understanding behavior through physiological, evolutionary, and developmental
mechanisms.
What is consciousness?
The state or quality of awareness, subjectivity, and experience.
What philosophical issue is consciousness particularly related to?
, Page 2 of 42
The mind-body problem.
How is consciousness related to brain activity?
Consciousness is connected to brain activity.
What does an evolutionary explanation describe?
The evolutionary history of a structure or behavior.
What does an evolutionary explanation highlight?
Modifications from ancestral species.
What are adaptive advantages in the context of evolutionary explanation?
Benefits that arise from modifications that enhance survival or reproduction.
What is a functional explanation in biology?
The description of the developmental processes underlying a behavior or trait.
What influences the developmental processes of a behavior or trait?
Genetic and environmental influences during an organism's lifespan.
What is an ontogenetic explanation?
The description of the developmental processes underlying a behavior or trait.
What factors are involved in ontogenetic explanations?
Genetic and environmental influences during an organism's lifespan.
What is the physiological explanation in psychology?
The description of the relationship between a behavior and the activity of the brain
and other bodily organs.
What does physiological explanation focus on?
The biological mechanisms underlying behavior.
What is neuroethics?
The study of ethical issues arising from research in neuroscience and related fields.
What are some concerns addressed in neuroethics?
Concerns about animal research and human experimentation.
What are the Three Rs in animal research?
Reduction, replacement, and refinement
What does 'Reduction' refer to in the context of the Three Rs?
The aim to reduce the number of animals used in research
What does 'Replacement' mean in the Three Rs framework?
Finding alternatives to animal models when possible
What is meant by 'Refinement' in the Three Rs?
Improving procedures to minimize pain and distress for animals
, Page 3 of 42
What is biological psychology?
The study of biology, physiology, and developmental and evolutionary sciences.
How do ontogenetic explanations interpret behavior?
They use developmental and biological aspects to explain behavior.
How do professionals in biological psychology apply neuroethics in research?
Biological psychology researchers consider neuroethics in research by identifying
four concepts: Many behavioral mechanisms are similar across species, an interest
in animals, studying animals gives insight into human evolution, and legal and ethical
restrictions on human participants.
What are astrocytes?
Star-shaped glial cells in the brain.
What is one function of astrocytes?
They wrap around dendrites.
How do astrocytes interact with neurons?
They synchronize closely related neurons.
What do astrocytes regulate in active brain areas?
Blood flow.
Axon
A thin fiber of constant diameter that conveys impulses from one neuron to another.
Dendrites
Branching fibers that receive information from other neurons and contain synaptic
receptors.
Glia
Non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons, including astrocytes, microglia,
oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
What are mitochondria?
Organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) in cells.
Why is ATP generation important?
It is crucial for brain function, cognition, and mental health.
Myelin Sheath
Insulating material that surrounds and protects certain vertebrate axons, improving
the speed of nerve impulses.
Neurons
, Page 4 of 42
Specialized cells responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information
in the nervous system.
Soma
The cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria.
Synapse
Junction between two neurons where chemical signals are transmitted from one
neuron to another.
What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?
To regulate rhythm and breathing.
How does the brain send messages to muscles?
Through motor neurons with a soma.
Which types of nutrients are used by vertebrate neurons?
Vertebrate neurons use nutrients such as glucose, ketones, lactate, and oxygen to
meet the body's needs.
Action Potential
Messages sent by axons, characterized by depolarization of the neuron membrane.
What is the All-or-none Law?
The principle stating that all action potentials, once initiated, are approximately equal
in amplitude and velocity.
What happens to action potentials once they are initiated?
They are approximately equal in amplitude and velocity.
Does the intensity of the stimulus affect the amplitude of action potentials?
No, action potentials are approximately equal regardless of the intensity of the
stimulus.
What is depolarization?
Reduction of the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a
neuron.
What does depolarization lead to?
The initiation of an action potential.
What is hyperpolarization?
Increased polarization of the neuron membrane.
What is the result of hyperpolarization in a neuron?
A more negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside.
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
