McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Stem: A hospitalized patient’s wound culture grows bacteria
lacking membrane-bound organelles and a peptidoglycan cell
wall. Which cellular characteristic confirms these organisms are
prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes?
A. Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
B. Circular DNA not enclosed by a nucleus
C. Multiple linear chromosomes associated with histones
D. Presence of mitochondria for ATP production
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
, • Correct: B — Prokaryotes characteristically have circular
DNA that is not enclosed within a membrane-bound
nucleus; this distinguishes them from eukaryotes
mechanistically.
• Incorrect: A — A membrane-bound nucleus is a defining
feature of eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.
• Incorrect: C — Multiple linear chromosomes associated
with histones are found in eukaryotic cells.
• Incorrect: D — Mitochondria are membrane-bound
organelles present in eukaryotes, not in prokaryotes.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes have circular, unenclosed DNA;
eukaryotes have nucleus-bound linear chromosomes.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Cellular Functions
Stem: A patient with septic shock has widespread endothelial
cell dysfunction. Which lost cellular function most directly
explains increased vascular permeability and edema?
A. Energy production via oxidative phosphorylation
B. Maintenance of transmembrane ion gradients by pumps
C. Cell–cell adhesion and junctional integrity
D. Protein synthesis by ribosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationales:
, • Correct: C — Loss of cell–cell adhesion and junctional
integrity in endothelial cells increases paracellular gaps,
producing vascular leak and edema.
• Incorrect: A — Impaired energy production can worsen
cellular function but does not directly create intercellular
gaps causing permeability.
• Incorrect: B — Ion pump failure affects ionic balance and
swelling but junctional disruption directly causes leakage.
• Incorrect: D — Defective protein synthesis affects many
functions, but acute vascular permeability is best explained
by junctional loss.
Teaching Point: Endothelial junction integrity is key to
preventing vascular leakage and edema.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Structure and Function of Cellular Components (Mitochondria)
Stem: A patient’s muscle biopsy shows decreased ATP
production despite normal oxygen delivery. Which
mitochondrial alteration best explains impaired oxidative
phosphorylation?
A. Loss of mitochondrial outer membrane integrity only
B. Decreased activity of the electron transport chain complexes
C. Increased mitochondrial DNA copy number
D. Enhanced glycolytic enzyme expression
, Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct: B — Impaired activity of electron transport chain
complexes directly reduces ATP generation through
oxidative phosphorylation.
• Incorrect: A — Outer membrane damage can release
factors but does not specifically reduce the ETC activity if
inner membrane complexes remain intact.
• Incorrect: C — Increased mitochondrial DNA often
increases capacity, not reduces oxidative phosphorylation.
• Incorrect: D — Enhanced glycolysis may compensate for
low ATP but does not explain decreased mitochondrial ATP
production.
Teaching Point: ETC complex dysfunction directly reduces
mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
4.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Structure and Function of Cellular Components (Lysosomes)
Stem: A patient with a lysosomal storage disorder has
accumulation of glycosphingolipids in cells. Which lysosomal
defect most likely causes this accumulation?
A. Increased lysosomal pH preventing enzyme activation
B. Excessive autophagy leading to organelle depletion
C. Overactive lysosomal hydrolases
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Stem: A hospitalized patient’s wound culture grows bacteria
lacking membrane-bound organelles and a peptidoglycan cell
wall. Which cellular characteristic confirms these organisms are
prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes?
A. Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
B. Circular DNA not enclosed by a nucleus
C. Multiple linear chromosomes associated with histones
D. Presence of mitochondria for ATP production
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
, • Correct: B — Prokaryotes characteristically have circular
DNA that is not enclosed within a membrane-bound
nucleus; this distinguishes them from eukaryotes
mechanistically.
• Incorrect: A — A membrane-bound nucleus is a defining
feature of eukaryotes, not prokaryotes.
• Incorrect: C — Multiple linear chromosomes associated
with histones are found in eukaryotic cells.
• Incorrect: D — Mitochondria are membrane-bound
organelles present in eukaryotes, not in prokaryotes.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes have circular, unenclosed DNA;
eukaryotes have nucleus-bound linear chromosomes.
2.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Cellular Functions
Stem: A patient with septic shock has widespread endothelial
cell dysfunction. Which lost cellular function most directly
explains increased vascular permeability and edema?
A. Energy production via oxidative phosphorylation
B. Maintenance of transmembrane ion gradients by pumps
C. Cell–cell adhesion and junctional integrity
D. Protein synthesis by ribosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationales:
, • Correct: C — Loss of cell–cell adhesion and junctional
integrity in endothelial cells increases paracellular gaps,
producing vascular leak and edema.
• Incorrect: A — Impaired energy production can worsen
cellular function but does not directly create intercellular
gaps causing permeability.
• Incorrect: B — Ion pump failure affects ionic balance and
swelling but junctional disruption directly causes leakage.
• Incorrect: D — Defective protein synthesis affects many
functions, but acute vascular permeability is best explained
by junctional loss.
Teaching Point: Endothelial junction integrity is key to
preventing vascular leakage and edema.
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Structure and Function of Cellular Components (Mitochondria)
Stem: A patient’s muscle biopsy shows decreased ATP
production despite normal oxygen delivery. Which
mitochondrial alteration best explains impaired oxidative
phosphorylation?
A. Loss of mitochondrial outer membrane integrity only
B. Decreased activity of the electron transport chain complexes
C. Increased mitochondrial DNA copy number
D. Enhanced glycolytic enzyme expression
, Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct: B — Impaired activity of electron transport chain
complexes directly reduces ATP generation through
oxidative phosphorylation.
• Incorrect: A — Outer membrane damage can release
factors but does not specifically reduce the ETC activity if
inner membrane complexes remain intact.
• Incorrect: C — Increased mitochondrial DNA often
increases capacity, not reduces oxidative phosphorylation.
• Incorrect: D — Enhanced glycolysis may compensate for
low ATP but does not explain decreased mitochondrial ATP
production.
Teaching Point: ETC complex dysfunction directly reduces
mitochondrial ATP synthesis.
4.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1: Cellular Biology — Section:
Structure and Function of Cellular Components (Lysosomes)
Stem: A patient with a lysosomal storage disorder has
accumulation of glycosphingolipids in cells. Which lysosomal
defect most likely causes this accumulation?
A. Increased lysosomal pH preventing enzyme activation
B. Excessive autophagy leading to organelle depletion
C. Overactive lysosomal hydrolases
