PHARMACOLOGY QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS, 100%
GUARANTEE
Pharmacology - the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
what is a drug - any chemical that changes the processes of living
Drug Nomenclature - Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1 generic name. They
all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
Drug Resources - 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
What is a receptor? 5 components - 1. some component on or inside a cell that substances
can bind
,2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic ganglion and
skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
Types of Receptors - 1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
Why have receptors on the cell surface? - Majority of hormones are not have able to cross
the membrane through diffusion, so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the
cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need receptors to bring
them into the cell.
Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors. - 1. Receptors are linked to ion channels.
They control the opening of it. (Ex: acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating
opening of ion channels when it binds)
,2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface and causes the
enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps - 1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st messenger) *The
receptor must be COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until it encounters an
enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
Second messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps - 1. hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
, Intracellular Receptors (2)
LIPID SOLUBLE substances - 1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm) ex: thyroid hormone
2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
Non receptor mechanisms - - Nitrates- reduced to NO, bind guanylate cyclase
Ex: vasodilators
-Some chemotherapeutic agents become incorporated into cellular components and block
metabolic reactions
agonist
antagonist - ag: drug that binds a receptor and produces a biochemical response
Ant: binds the receptor but doesn't produce a biochemical response. "it's a blank" No second
messenger is produced.
*So why have it? tumor causing too much epinephrine binding, so antagonist drug competes
with epinephrine for that receptor and blocks its ability to bind and cause the heart to contract too
much.
Affinity: high vs low.
Specificity= selectivity (dose-dependent)
* You want highly selective/specific drugs. So you don't produce side-affects - A:
attraction between a drug and a receptor
GUARANTEE
Pharmacology - the study of drugs
-Toxicology (study of environmental toxins)
-therapeutics: 2 subtypes--> (use a drug to treat a disease)
1. pharmacodynamics (what a drug does to the body)
2. pharmacokinetics (what the body does to a drug, absorb, distribute etc)
what is a drug - any chemical that changes the processes of living
Drug Nomenclature - Chemical name: N-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (development stage)
Generic Name: Acetominophen (easier to pronounce and remember) *only 1 generic name. They
all have the same suffix.
Trade name: Tylenol (can be numerous trade names)
Drug Resources - 1. physicians desk reference (PDR)
2. Nursing drug guides (mosby's' et al.)
3. Online resources (epocrates.com)
What is a receptor? 5 components - 1. some component on or inside a cell that substances
can bind
,2. Most drugs and endogenous substances bind receptors
3. Most protein based
4. Lock and key (structurally match up to receptor)
5. Receptor Subtypes (ex: ACH-nicotinic receptor: recognizes both autonomic ganglion and
skeletal muscle, but can make one that only recognizes on area)
Types of Receptors - 1. Receptors located on the cell surface
2. Intracellular Receptors
-Cytosolic receptors
-Nuclear receptors
Why have receptors on the cell surface? - Majority of hormones are not have able to cross
the membrane through diffusion, so they have to bind to a receptor on the surface to get into the
cell.
They are not lipid soluble.
most hormones and neurostransmitters are lipid INSOLUBLE, so they need receptors to bring
them into the cell.
Receptors on the cell surface
Communication of hormones and receptors. - 1. Receptors are linked to ion channels.
They control the opening of it. (Ex: acetylcholine is able to get Na+ into the cell by initiating
opening of ion channels when it binds)
,2. receptors linked to enzymes (ex: insulin or GH, bind to receptor on surface and causes the
enzymatic portion to produce changes within the cell. *Picture ^)
3. Receptors linked to second messengers
(Both use G proteins: Adenylate Cyclase System, IP3 system)
Second Messenger System
Adenylate Cyclase steps - 1. hormone binds to the specific receptor (1st messenger) *The
receptor must be COUPLED to the G protein to work.
2. Causes GTP to bind to protien
3. Causes G protein to move away from receptor through the membrane until it encounters an
enzyme
4. the enzyme is adylte. cyclase
5. ad cly. takesATP and convert it to cyclic ATP
6 .CYClic ATP is our second messenger.
7. Cyclic ATP activates an enzyme and triggers responses of the target cell.
Second messenger system
Phospholipase C Mechanism (IP3 system) Steps - 1. hormone binds to receptor
2. receptor coupled to g protein
3. G protein moves away from receptor into the membrane
4. moves through membrane and encounters enzyme phospholipase C
5. Phospholipase C causes the production of 2 products (BAG and IP3)
6. It allows the signals to become amplified.
Ex: Every step of the way the response gets bigger. 2 --> 4 --> 8 -->16
, Intracellular Receptors (2)
LIPID SOLUBLE substances - 1. Cytosolic (cytoplasm) ex: thyroid hormone
2. Nuclear (goes into nucleus)
Non receptor mechanisms - - Nitrates- reduced to NO, bind guanylate cyclase
Ex: vasodilators
-Some chemotherapeutic agents become incorporated into cellular components and block
metabolic reactions
agonist
antagonist - ag: drug that binds a receptor and produces a biochemical response
Ant: binds the receptor but doesn't produce a biochemical response. "it's a blank" No second
messenger is produced.
*So why have it? tumor causing too much epinephrine binding, so antagonist drug competes
with epinephrine for that receptor and blocks its ability to bind and cause the heart to contract too
much.
Affinity: high vs low.
Specificity= selectivity (dose-dependent)
* You want highly selective/specific drugs. So you don't produce side-affects - A:
attraction between a drug and a receptor
