9/7/25, 6:15 PM
GRCC BI 122 Exam #2 GRCC BI 122 Exam #2
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
AND 100 % ANSWERS (DETAILED AND ELABORATED) A+
GRADED LATEST UPDATE 2025-2026
Ventilation mechanical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
external respiration exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
internal respiration exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues
cellular respiration mechanism by which cells use oxygen as the final electron
acceptor to free energy from glucose. Carbon dioxide is
produced as a result.
conductive portion passageways that transport gas to and from the respiratory
zone.
nasal cavity contains the nasal conchae and starts the respiratory
passageway
nasal conchae ridges of bone extending into nasal cavity. They w'arm and
cleanse incoming air
paranasal sinuses hollow areas of bone within the nasal cavity that cleanse the air
and makes the head lighter.
sinusitis inflammation of the sinuses
tissues in the nasal cavity that contain olfactory receptors that
olfactory epithelium poke through the ethmoid bone
and its function is to sense smell
pharynx the passageway for air and food
1/16
,9/7/25, 6:15 PM
nasopharynx part of the pharynx that runs from the nasal cavity to the tip of the
soft palate (uvula)
also called the adenoid tonsil
apharyngeal tonsil
located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
tonsil mass of lymphoid tissue
part of the pharynx that runs from the tip of the soft
oropharynx
palate (uvula) tot he tip of the epiglottis
palatine tonsil tonsil that is located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx
lingual tonsil tonsil that is located on the base of the tongue
part of the pharynx the runs from the tip of the
laryngopharynx
epiglottis to the bifurcation fo the esophagus and
larynx
upper respiratory tract parts of the respiratory passageway that are located above the
Adams apple
lower respiratory tract parts of the respiratory passageway that are located below the
Adams apple
houses phonation (
larynx
production of sound) is
composed of muscles and
cartilage.
composed of elastic cartilage
epiglottis
closes over the glottis when swallowing
glottis the opening between the vocal cords
False (vestibular) folds protects vocal folds and helps close the larynx when swallowing
vocal (true) folds contains lots of elastic tissue and is what produces sound.
swelling and inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
usually associated with hoarseness or loss of voice
contains C-shaped rings of cartilage
trachea These rings of cartilage are C-shaped to allow for the
expansion of the esophagus Its functions is to conduct
air
branches off of the trachea into the lungs
bronchi
can be described as primary, secondary, or tertiary
primary bronchi there is 1 per lung and there is 2 (left and right)
also called lobar bronchi
secondary bronchi
there is one per lobe in the lungs
2/16
, 9/7/25, 6:15 PM
also called segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
supplies air to bronchopulmonary segments, contains plates of
cartilage in the walls
has no cartilage and only has smooth muscle
bronchioles allows for the exchange of air between the tertiary
bronchi and respiratory sections. These are the most
delicate conducting branches.
terminal bronchioles end of the conducting zone
respiratory bronchioles start of the respiratory zone
alveolar ducts and sacs gas exchange takes place here
alveoli functional unit of respiratory system; gas exchange takes place
here
major cell type
Type 1 Pneumocytes in alveoli flat
cell
that allows for gas exchange
minor cell type in alveoli
Type 2 Pneumocytes
produces surfactant, which reduces surface tension
gas exchange occurs across this membrane. consists of
respiratory membrane
Type 1 pneumocyte and the endothelium of the
pulmonary capillary
epithelial lining
contains goblet cells and cilia
pseudostratified ciliated
columnar found in the lining of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx,
trachea, and bronchi.
found in areas of abrasion and is for protection
stratified squamous
found in the lining of the oral cavity, oropharynx,
laryngopharynx, and esophagus.
found in the linings of the respiratory bronchioles and
simple squamous
the entire respiratory portion and allows for gas
exchange.
as you go from the trachea to alveoli, structural changes occur
1. diameter gets smaller
changes in bronchial tree 2. hyaline cartilage turns to smooth muscle
3. cilia ends at the terminal bronchioles
4. function: air conduction to gas exchange
3 lobes How many lobes are there in the right lung?
2 lobes How many lobes are there in the less lung?
Pleura serous membranes that decrease friction and produce
3/16
GRCC BI 122 Exam #2 GRCC BI 122 Exam #2
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
AND 100 % ANSWERS (DETAILED AND ELABORATED) A+
GRADED LATEST UPDATE 2025-2026
Ventilation mechanical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
external respiration exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
internal respiration exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues
cellular respiration mechanism by which cells use oxygen as the final electron
acceptor to free energy from glucose. Carbon dioxide is
produced as a result.
conductive portion passageways that transport gas to and from the respiratory
zone.
nasal cavity contains the nasal conchae and starts the respiratory
passageway
nasal conchae ridges of bone extending into nasal cavity. They w'arm and
cleanse incoming air
paranasal sinuses hollow areas of bone within the nasal cavity that cleanse the air
and makes the head lighter.
sinusitis inflammation of the sinuses
tissues in the nasal cavity that contain olfactory receptors that
olfactory epithelium poke through the ethmoid bone
and its function is to sense smell
pharynx the passageway for air and food
1/16
,9/7/25, 6:15 PM
nasopharynx part of the pharynx that runs from the nasal cavity to the tip of the
soft palate (uvula)
also called the adenoid tonsil
apharyngeal tonsil
located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
tonsil mass of lymphoid tissue
part of the pharynx that runs from the tip of the soft
oropharynx
palate (uvula) tot he tip of the epiglottis
palatine tonsil tonsil that is located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx
lingual tonsil tonsil that is located on the base of the tongue
part of the pharynx the runs from the tip of the
laryngopharynx
epiglottis to the bifurcation fo the esophagus and
larynx
upper respiratory tract parts of the respiratory passageway that are located above the
Adams apple
lower respiratory tract parts of the respiratory passageway that are located below the
Adams apple
houses phonation (
larynx
production of sound) is
composed of muscles and
cartilage.
composed of elastic cartilage
epiglottis
closes over the glottis when swallowing
glottis the opening between the vocal cords
False (vestibular) folds protects vocal folds and helps close the larynx when swallowing
vocal (true) folds contains lots of elastic tissue and is what produces sound.
swelling and inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
usually associated with hoarseness or loss of voice
contains C-shaped rings of cartilage
trachea These rings of cartilage are C-shaped to allow for the
expansion of the esophagus Its functions is to conduct
air
branches off of the trachea into the lungs
bronchi
can be described as primary, secondary, or tertiary
primary bronchi there is 1 per lung and there is 2 (left and right)
also called lobar bronchi
secondary bronchi
there is one per lobe in the lungs
2/16
, 9/7/25, 6:15 PM
also called segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
supplies air to bronchopulmonary segments, contains plates of
cartilage in the walls
has no cartilage and only has smooth muscle
bronchioles allows for the exchange of air between the tertiary
bronchi and respiratory sections. These are the most
delicate conducting branches.
terminal bronchioles end of the conducting zone
respiratory bronchioles start of the respiratory zone
alveolar ducts and sacs gas exchange takes place here
alveoli functional unit of respiratory system; gas exchange takes place
here
major cell type
Type 1 Pneumocytes in alveoli flat
cell
that allows for gas exchange
minor cell type in alveoli
Type 2 Pneumocytes
produces surfactant, which reduces surface tension
gas exchange occurs across this membrane. consists of
respiratory membrane
Type 1 pneumocyte and the endothelium of the
pulmonary capillary
epithelial lining
contains goblet cells and cilia
pseudostratified ciliated
columnar found in the lining of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx,
trachea, and bronchi.
found in areas of abrasion and is for protection
stratified squamous
found in the lining of the oral cavity, oropharynx,
laryngopharynx, and esophagus.
found in the linings of the respiratory bronchioles and
simple squamous
the entire respiratory portion and allows for gas
exchange.
as you go from the trachea to alveoli, structural changes occur
1. diameter gets smaller
changes in bronchial tree 2. hyaline cartilage turns to smooth muscle
3. cilia ends at the terminal bronchioles
4. function: air conduction to gas exchange
3 lobes How many lobes are there in the right lung?
2 lobes How many lobes are there in the less lung?
Pleura serous membranes that decrease friction and produce
3/16
