Bio 1500 Final Exam (Mizzou) Questions
and Graded Answers.
dragon fly size - -high O2 levels in carboniferous allowed them to grow big
-later in history predators constrained the max size
O2 levels in atomosphere - cyanobacteria and green algae chloroplasts contributed....
through photosynthesis
oldest fossils - 3.5-4 bya
1st insects - 480 mya
1st dinosaurs - 240 mya
dinosaurs go extinct - 66 mya
1st homosapiens - 200k ya
diffusion - mvmt of molecules from high to low concentration
-driven by Brownian (thermal) mvmts
each molecule during diffusion - -moves randomly
-behavior unpredictable
-each individual molecule never stops moving
,net movement of molecules in diffusion - -from high to low conc.
-predictable
-stops when it reaches equlibrium
Photosynthesis - -light energy is used to make carbs from CO2 and water
-takes place in chloroplasts
chloroplasts - -contain the pigment chlorophyll
-chlorophyll absorbs red, blue, & violet light
step 1 of photosynthesis - -light reactions
-ATP is synthesized, NADPH is generated
-water is split apart, releasing O2 as a by product
ATP - -used to transport E around cells
-chemical E stored in the bonds
-important bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate group
-going to lower energy state breaks bonds and releases the energy
step 2 of photosynthesis - -light independent reactions
-E from ATP & NADPH are used to build glucose from CO2 & water (Carbon Cycle)
Great Oxygenation Event - -3 -2.3 bya
-cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis
-free O2 as a side effect... led to some O2 levels in atmosphere
, O2 accumulation in atmosphere - -minerals formed (ex: banded iron ore)
-ozone layer formed (protection from UV light)
-free O2 toxic to cells
-O2 reacted with methane.... led to snowball ice age
-prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2... evolution of cellular respiration
Evolution - -a change in allele frequencies in a population
-natural selection is one of the mechanisms
gene - -a segment of DNA w/ instructions for building a protein molecule
-specifies the sequence of amino acids that makeup the protein
alleles - -different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence & in protein structure they code for
-may be many alleles for same gene
-any 1 person can have max of 2 different alleles
Natural Selection - -phenotypes are variable in population
-offspring have similar phenotype as parents
-mutations occur randomly, but doesn't create new alleles
-natural selection not goal directed
Postulates of natural selection - 1. individuals vary in their traits
2. some of the variation is heritable (can be passed to offspring)
3. more offspring are produced than survive to reproduce
4. survival & reproduction are non random; those w/ favorable traits reproduce most & pass their
genes on
-favorable traits become more common
and Graded Answers.
dragon fly size - -high O2 levels in carboniferous allowed them to grow big
-later in history predators constrained the max size
O2 levels in atomosphere - cyanobacteria and green algae chloroplasts contributed....
through photosynthesis
oldest fossils - 3.5-4 bya
1st insects - 480 mya
1st dinosaurs - 240 mya
dinosaurs go extinct - 66 mya
1st homosapiens - 200k ya
diffusion - mvmt of molecules from high to low concentration
-driven by Brownian (thermal) mvmts
each molecule during diffusion - -moves randomly
-behavior unpredictable
-each individual molecule never stops moving
,net movement of molecules in diffusion - -from high to low conc.
-predictable
-stops when it reaches equlibrium
Photosynthesis - -light energy is used to make carbs from CO2 and water
-takes place in chloroplasts
chloroplasts - -contain the pigment chlorophyll
-chlorophyll absorbs red, blue, & violet light
step 1 of photosynthesis - -light reactions
-ATP is synthesized, NADPH is generated
-water is split apart, releasing O2 as a by product
ATP - -used to transport E around cells
-chemical E stored in the bonds
-important bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate group
-going to lower energy state breaks bonds and releases the energy
step 2 of photosynthesis - -light independent reactions
-E from ATP & NADPH are used to build glucose from CO2 & water (Carbon Cycle)
Great Oxygenation Event - -3 -2.3 bya
-cyanobacteria evolved photosynthesis
-free O2 as a side effect... led to some O2 levels in atmosphere
, O2 accumulation in atmosphere - -minerals formed (ex: banded iron ore)
-ozone layer formed (protection from UV light)
-free O2 toxic to cells
-O2 reacted with methane.... led to snowball ice age
-prokaryotes evolved ways to use O2... evolution of cellular respiration
Evolution - -a change in allele frequencies in a population
-natural selection is one of the mechanisms
gene - -a segment of DNA w/ instructions for building a protein molecule
-specifies the sequence of amino acids that makeup the protein
alleles - -different possible forms of the same gene
-differ in DNA sequence & in protein structure they code for
-may be many alleles for same gene
-any 1 person can have max of 2 different alleles
Natural Selection - -phenotypes are variable in population
-offspring have similar phenotype as parents
-mutations occur randomly, but doesn't create new alleles
-natural selection not goal directed
Postulates of natural selection - 1. individuals vary in their traits
2. some of the variation is heritable (can be passed to offspring)
3. more offspring are produced than survive to reproduce
4. survival & reproduction are non random; those w/ favorable traits reproduce most & pass their
genes on
-favorable traits become more common
