EEOB 3310 Midterm Exam 2025

EEOB 3310 Midterm Exam 2025 Natural theology - -a philosophy dedicated to discovering the creator's plan by studying nature. Adaptations of organisms are viewed as evidence that the creator had designed each and every species for a particular purpose. *william buckland* Methodological naturalism - -based on premise that our senses ( and extensions of the senses through instruments) gives accurate info about the universe 3 main questions: What is there? How does it work? How did it come to be this way? Uniformitarianism - -proposed that geologic features result from continuous processes which are still at work today (charles lyell) Catastrophism - -proposed that earth's landscapes were shaped primarily by catastrophes, followed a biblical timeline Archipelagos/island - -another set of volcanic islands visited by the hms beagle, related to africa Aristotelian view (of species) - -species were fixed, unchanging with variation due to developmental stressors Darwinian view (of species) - -intraspecific variation is present within species and is essential for his mechanistic explanation of evolutionary change Classic view of species (modern synthesis) - -organismal populations are well-adapted to the environment, there should be little genetic variation within populations Heterozygosity - -having different alleles at a gene locus Polymorphic - -having various forms Snp - -single nucleotide polymorphism, change of base of single dna nucleotide, makes up 90% of all human genetic variation Fitness - -measure of relative ability of an organism to create viable offspring Selective agent - -any factor that brings about differences in reproductive success EEOB 3310 EEOB 3310 Selective pressure - -the interaction between a selective agent and the population under selection Adaptation - -phenotypic trait that confers differential reproductive success to the individuals possessing it Materialism - -posits that the only thing that exists is matter, all things are composed of material and all phenomenon are the products of material interactions Modern synthesis - -a comprehensive theory of evolution that incorporates genetics and includes most of darwin's ideas, focusing on populations as the fundamental units of evolution. (observed now) Artificial selection - -breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits. Endemism - -suggested that closely allied forms replaced one another geographically but similar habitats in different regions contained different species Blending inheritance - -parental traits blend such that their offspring have intermediate traits, results in populations which are phenotypically similar Mendel's law of segregation - -the two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells Mendel's law of independent assortment - -the inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another Point mutations - -gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides Chi-squared test - -null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the observed and expected frequency X^2 = e(observed-expected)^2/expected Selection coefficient (s) - -is equal to the expected reduction in fitness to the homozygous dominant genotype *if s 0, a22 is less fit than a11* Heterozygous effect (h) - -measures fitness of the homozygote relative to the selective difference between two homozygotes Inbreeding coefficient (f) - -the probability that the two alleles at any locus in an individual will be identical by descent EEOB 3310 EEOB 3310 Inbreeding depression - -the negative reproductive consequences for a population associated with having a high frequency of homozygous individuals possessing harmful recessive alleles. (loss in heterozygosity) Genetic isolation by distance - -correlation between physical separation and genetic distance F statistic - -simple approach to measuring a population genetic structure 2pq(1-f)= freq a12 Census population size - -the number of individuals in a population Effective population size - -the genetic size of a population Wright-fisher model - -similar to hwe, does not assume infinite population size (species expected to lose heterozygosity over time) Mcdonald-kreitman test - -a test for selection at a locus by comparing dna sequence variation within species with the variation among species. Genetic hitchhiking - -the process by which an allele is able to "ride along" with a nearby favorable allele to which it is physically linked and thus increase in frequency Haplotype - -a group of alleles of different genes on a single chromosome that are closely enough linked to be inherited usually as a unit Epistasis - -a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus Linkage equilibrium - -the association of two alleles at two or more loci at the frequency predicted by their individual frequencies. Fr(ab) x fr(ab) = fr(ab) x fr(ab) Linkage disequilibrium - -nonrandom association between genetic variants within a haplotype Fr(ab) x fr(ab) does not equal fr(ab) x fr(ab) Quantitative genetics - -scientific and mathematical methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree of genetic and environmental similarity among organisms. Biologial species concept - -species are identified as members of reproductively isolated gene pools Morphological species concept - -a definition of species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria. EEOB 3310 Phylogenetic species concept - -a definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life. Allopatry - -condition in which two or more populations live in different geographic areas. Sympatry - -condition in which two or more populations live in the same geographic area, or close enough to permit interbreeding. Vicariance - -occurs when a physical barrier splits a widespread population into subgroups that are physically isolated from each other Limnetic - -in a lake, the well-lit, open surface waters farther from shore. Benthic - -bottom of an aquatic ecosystem; consists of sand and sediment and supports its own community of organisms Prezygotic - -before fertilization Postzygotic - -after fertilization Evolutionary species - -a group of individuals that share unique similarities of their dna