Audio Fundamentals Final Study Set COLLIER *Q&A* (100% Correct) 2025/2026 |VERIFIED|

Audio Fundamentals Final Study Set COLLIER *Q&A* (100% Correct) 2025/2026 |VERIFIED| A budget item in music production for covering the transportation of large instruments is referred to as? Cartage Renting a recording studio for an extended period, typically for several days, is known as? a lockout When preparing for a significant recording session, ensuring sufficient I/O is essential. What does I/O stand for? Input and Output Adding extra background musical elements like strings or horns to pop music is called? Sweetening When a musician listens to a pre-recorded performance and plays along to create a new recording, this process is called? Over-dubbing The individual responsible for managing how the artist's sound is heard by the live audience is the? Front of House Engineer The person responsible for shaping the sound on stage for the artist during a live concert is the? Monitor Engineer The level of sound in a room is typically measured in? 1 dB SPL The unit of pressure commonly used in sound measurement is the Pa, which stands for? Pascal The point at which sound becomes painful to the ear is generally considered to be around? 120 dB SPL To detect a sound change, how much of a dB SPL change is generally required for most people? 1 dB At room temperature, the velocity of sound is commonly given as? 1,130 fps The phase relationship between two sound waves is measured in? degrees Sine waves consist of? only the first harmonic When 500 Hz is the fundamental frequency, what is the frequency of the second harmonic? 1,000 Hz If two sine waves with identical frequency and amplitude but 180 degrees out of phase are combined, the result will be? cancellation Hertz is another term for? 2 c.p.s. In the context of amplitude envelopes, what does ADSR stand for? attack, decay, sustain & release When using two microphones placed at different distances from the mouth, what is the primary concern for the engineer when mixing the signals? Comb Filter Effect What type of wavelengths do low frequencies have? long The typical range of frequencies that the human ear can hear is from? 20 Hz to 20 k Hz Tinnitus is commonly described as? a ringing or whistling in the ear The cochlea is? f luid-filled & contains hair-like cells What is the name of the thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear? Ear Drum What causes a decrease in hearing sensitivity, leading to hearing loss? Hair Cells The Basilar membrane is located in the? 3 cochlea Sound travels through the air as? compression waves When a sound wave hits a wall, the angle at which it reflects is equal to the angle of? the incidence wave The reverberation time of a room is defined as the time it takes for sound to decrease by? 60 dB Which frequency is most likely to bend around a large obstacle? 20 Hz Many control rooms use diffusers to? scatter reflections in different directions According to the Haas effect, reflections that arrive less than 20 milliseconds after the direct sound will? be perceived as one single sound. If Anthony’s iPad is at 80 dB SPL and his mother turns on a vacuum cleaner, causing him to miss part of his song, this demonstrates? masking When a sound approaches you, it appears to increase in pitch, and when it moves away, it decreases in pitch. This is an example of the? Doppler effect If you play a 440 Hz and a 445 Hz sine wave together, your ears will hear? 4 beats The Equal Loudness Contours graph shows? how our ears perceive different frequencies at different volumes Which two main cues does the ear/brain use to locate sound horizontally? (IAD) interaural amplitude (intensity) differences and (ITD) interaural (arrival) time differences Which of these is NOT a transducer? compact disc What is a pad used for in audio equipment? a one or two step volume control Which type of directional microphone provides the best sound rejection from sources 180° off axis? cardioid pattern mics Why do microphones have side and rear entry ports? to create a cardioid pickup pattern through destructive interference. Off-axis coloration in microphones is caused by? a mic's off-axis directional or polar response pattern changing with frequency What does proximity effect refer to? an increased bass response associated with the use of directional microphones. A polar pattern of a microphone illustrates? a mic's pickup pattern 5 A dual-diaphragm microphone offers which unique feature? various pick up patterns What type of microphone requires a power supply? capacitor What are the two main types of dynamic microphones? moving coil & ribbon How does a voice coil generate a varying current in a coil? Electromagnetic induction Which of these microphones picks up equally in all directions? A switch on a microphone preamp labled +48 would be used to? condenser (capacitor) microphones Speaker sensitivity is a measurement of? Omni To send phantom power to how many dB SPL per Watt of electrical power A small speaker system utilizing a cabinet with no external openings is called a? suspension A tweeter is a? speaker designed to reproduce high frequencies In a bi-amped speaker system the amplifiers are? A crossover network is? after the crossovers acoustic used to separate low frequencies from high frequencies 6 Loudspeaker placement in the room will have the most effect on? the low frequency response Speakers designed to be used close to the listening position are called? The most efficient speaker enclosure is? folded horn The anit-alaising filter at the input of a PCM digital system removes? of the sampling frequency Nyquist Law states that the minimum sample rate must be at least? of the highest harmonic of the source signal to be digitized In digital audio recording PCM stands for pulse code modulation Increasing the bit depth in a PCM digital system increases the? near field monitors frequencies above one half at least twice the frequency the dynamic range Data compression is used to: reduce the amount of data or file size The standard CD sampling frequency is: 44.1 k Hz Perhaps the most common lossy compression system in use today? Saying that a plugin is "native" means? mp3 it runs in the DAW computer Time delay casued by DSP is called? latency Errors in sampling clock frequency are called? jitter 7 multiplying the bit depth by the The number of bits per second (bits/s) or bit rate can be found by sampling frequency per single channel of audio Which of the following audio file formats is NOT a lossy codec? WAV Which of the following is a lossless audio codec meaning it reduces the file size of the audio file yet maintains all of the original components of the original file? FLAC Which of the following is NOT a professional audio recording sound file format used in DAW music production? Music Instrument Digital Interace (midi) The hardware device that gives the user access to hands-on controls for the on-screen mixer in the digital audio editor and workstation environment is known as a DAW control surface or DAW controller How many channels are available on each MIDI port? On a MIDI port the "thru" connection provides? A sampler _________________. 16 A pass thru for MIDI data from the input records individual notes from musical instruments and plays them when activated by MIDI. A drum machine is an example of __________________. a sample player An REX loop file uses this process to match tempo changes in a musical composition. Audio in the analog electronic domain has 3 basic levels these are? beat-slicing microphone, line, & speaker Gain structure is? the audio levels at different points in the signal flow 8 Signal flow is? the path the audio takes through the audio chain The function of a pan pot could be to? speakers. An audio bus is a? vary the relative gain being fed to both sides of a set of a common signal path. A pot is? a potentiometer. The fold back system _____? routes signal to headphone monitors. AFL and PFL are associated with the console? A triangle symbolizes an amplifier arrow pointing to two parallel lines is? solo system a switch Given a console that is marketed as being a 48 x 8 x 2 console, how many busses or groups does the console have? 8 This is the section of the console where you can, choose the source to listen to, determine how loud the the speakers will be and select which speakers to listen to? monitor section When creating a headphone mix, you want your auxiliary sends to be set as _____ so that they are independent of the console fader. pre-fader You would use this connection point on the console to add an external compressor to the signal chain. insert The most common professional microphone connector is called a? XLR plug 9 The connector in this figure is a? TRS To connect an electric guitar directly into a console preamplifier you need a? DI Box This type of cable wiring is used in professional audio systems because it helps reject noise. Balanced Most budget mixers as well as home stereos have this kind of EQ for the Treble and Bass? Which of the following describes the slope of a filter? Filters are usually identified by? cut off frequency Based upon the figure above: What is the cut off frequency? dB per octave 100 Hz All analgo EQs and many digital EQs create _____ when used? Parametric means that these qualities on an EQ are variable? The purpose of a compressor is __________________. The side chain input on a compressor might also be called the? An expander is normally used in the studio to? phase shift level, frequency and "Q" to reduce the dynamic range. key input control noise and leakage A compression ratio is a ratio of? input to output shelving 10 sets the dB level above which compression will begin A threshold control of a compressor/limiter? to be applied If a compressor threshold is set at 0 dB and the compression ratio at 2:1 an input signal of +12 dB would produce an output at? + 6dB A time processor effect replicating an instrument playing the same part over again is know as? ADT Which of the following best describes the flanging effect? related null points An echo chamber? creates natural sounding revereration. The decay time of a reverb is measured... a shifting comb filter with harmonically as how long it takes the initial sound to decay 60 dB plate This type of reverb device uses an electromechanical transducer to create a vibration in a large piece of sheet metal. What brought about the need for developing and applying artificial reverb? mutlitracking What kind of reverb unit is shown in this picture? A "dry" sound lacks ________________. effects chamber close micing and 11