Zoë Nicasie - 2024
Samenvatting Onderzoeksmethoden
Inhoudsopgave
1 Scientific research ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.1 Wat is wetenschap? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.2 Positie van sociale wetenschappen _____________________________________________________________________ 5
1.3 Context van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek _________________________________________________________ 6
1.4 Theorie _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.5 Empirie _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.6 Empirische cyclus _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.6.1 Inductie en deductie ______________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.6.2 Theorie en empirie ________________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.7 Rationalisme vs. empiricisme___________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.7.1 Rationalistische benadering _______________________________________________________________________ 7
1.7.2 Empiricistische benadering ________________________________________________________________________ 8
1.7.3 Synthese rationalisme vs empiricisme ______________________________________________________________ 9
1.8 Wetenschapsfilosofieën _______________________________________________________________________________ 9
1.8.1 Epistemologie ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9
1.8.1.1 Moderne wetenschap __________________________________________________________________________ 10
1.8.1.2 Positivisme ___________________________________________________________________________________ 10
1.8.1.3 Neo-positivisme of logisch positivisme __________________________________________________________ 11
1.8.1.4 Postpositivisme of kritische realisme ____________________________________________________________ 11
1.8.1.5 Kritische rationalisme__________________________________________________________________________ 11
1.8.1.6 Interpretivisme ________________________________________________________________________________ 13
1.8.2 Ontologie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13
1.8.2.1 Objectivisme__________________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.8.2.2 Constructivisme ______________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.8.3 Samengevat _____________________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.9 Ruimere plaatje ______________________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.10 Concept check statements ____________________________________________________________________________ 15
2 Introductie tot business research _________________________________________________________________________ 16
2.1 Wat is onderzoek? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 16
2.1.1 Definities _______________________________________________________________________________________ 16
2.1.2 Toegepast vs fundamenteel onderzoek_____________________________________________________________ 17
2.1.3 Kwantitatief vs kwalitatief onderzoek ______________________________________________________________ 17
2.2 Kenmerken van wetenschappelijk onderzoek (scientific research) _________________________________________ 18
2.2.1 Doelgericht _____________________________________________________________________________________ 18
2.2.2 Rigoureus (nauwkeurigheid) ______________________________________________________________________ 18
2.2.3 Testbaarheid ____________________________________________________________________________________ 18
2.2.4 Reproduceerbaarheid ____________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.5 Precisie en vertrouwen ___________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.6 Objectiviteit _____________________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.7 Veralgemeenbaar ________________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.8 Parsimony (zuinigheid) ___________________________________________________________________________ 20
2.2.9 Ethiek __________________________________________________________________________________________ 20
2.3 Kwaliteitsvereisten onderzoek _________________________________________________________________________ 22
2.3.1 Kwantitatieve studies ____________________________________________________________________________ 22
, 2.3.1.1 Betrouwbaarheid ______________________________________________________________________________ 22
2.3.1.2 Validiteit ______________________________________________________________________________________ 22
2.3.1.3 Reproduceerbaarheid _________________________________________________________________________ 23
2.3.2 Kwalitatieve studies ______________________________________________________________________________ 23
2.3.2.1 Betrouwbaarheid ______________________________________________________________________________ 23
2.3.2.2 Aannemelijkheid/trustworthiness _______________________________________________________________ 24
2.3.2.3 Authenticiteit _________________________________________________________________________________ 24
2.4 Rol research in bedrijven ______________________________________________________________________________ 24
2.5 Concept check statements ____________________________________________________________________________ 25
3 Het onderzoeksproces ____________________________________________________________________________________ 26
3.1 Probleemstelling (problem statement) __________________________________________________________________ 26
3.1.1 Identificeer een breed managementprobleem ______________________________________________________ 27
3.1.1.1 Actieprobleem ________________________________________________________________________________ 27
3.1.1.2 Opportuniteitsprobleem _______________________________________________________________________ 27
3.1.2 Verzamel initiële informatie _______________________________________________________________________ 28
3.1.3 Definieer het onderzoeksprobleem ________________________________________________________________ 28
3.1.3.1 Onderzoeksvragen_____________________________________________________________________________ 28
3.1.3.2 Research proposal (onderzoeksvoorstel) ________________________________________________________ 29
3.1.4 Probleemstelling verfijnen ________________________________________________________________________ 29
3.1.4.1 FINER ________________________________________________________________________________________ 29
3.1.4.2 5W’s _________________________________________________________________________________________ 30
3.2 Kritische literatuurstudie ______________________________________________________________________________ 30
3.2.1 Inleiding van een wetenschappelijk artikel _________________________________________________________ 31
3.2.2 Wat is een literatuurstudie? _______________________________________________________________________ 31
3.2.3 Proces van de kritische literatuurstudie ____________________________________________________________ 31
3.2.3.1 Literatuur verzamelen __________________________________________________________________________ 32
3.2.3.2 Literatuur evalueren ___________________________________________________________________________ 33
3.2.3.3 Literatuurstudie structureren ___________________________________________________________________ 34
3.2.3.4 Literatuurstudie uitschrijven ____________________________________________________________________ 34
3.2.4 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 35
3.3 Theoretisch raamwerk en ontwikkelen van hypotheses ___________________________________________________ 35
3.3.1 Wat is een theoretisch raamwerk? _________________________________________________________________ 35
3.3.2 Proces van een theoretisch raamwerk _____________________________________________________________ 36
3.3.3 Wat is een hypothese? ___________________________________________________________________________ 36
3.3.4 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 37
4 Onderzoeksopzet & uitvoering ____________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1 Onderzoeksstrategie __________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.1 Experiment ______________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.2 Surveyonderzoek ________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.3 Etnografie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.4 Case studies ____________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.5 Grounded theory ________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.1.6 Action research __________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.1.7 Mixed methods & triangulatie _____________________________________________________________________ 39
4.2 Mate van interferentie van de onderzoeker ______________________________________________________________ 39
4.3 Setting van de studie __________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.4 Analyse-eenheid (unit of analyses) _____________________________________________________________________ 39
4.5 Tijdshorizon __________________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.6 Voorbeeldcasus ______________________________________________________________________________________ 40
2
, 4.7 Meten _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
4.7.1 Definitie ________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
4.7.2 Wat kan je meten? _______________________________________________________________________________ 41
4.7.3 Vb.: Prestatiemotivatie ___________________________________________________________________________ 41
4.7.4 Bestaande schalen ______________________________________________________________________________ 42
4.7.5 Operationele definitie ____________________________________________________________________________ 42
4.7.6 Meten: schalen, betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ______________________________________________________ 42
4.7.6.1 Meetniveau ___________________________________________________________________________________ 42
4.7.6.2 Vormgeven van schalen ________________________________________________________________________ 43
4.7.6.3 Betrouwbaarheid & validiteit____________________________________________________________________ 44
4.7.6.4 Reflecterende vs. formatieve meetschaal ________________________________________________________ 45
4.7.7 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 45
4.8 Sampling design (steekproeftrekking) __________________________________________________________________ 46
4.8.1 Definieer populatie ______________________________________________________________________________ 46
4.8.2 Bepaal steekproefkader __________________________________________________________________________ 47
4.8.3 Bepaal steekproefontwerp ________________________________________________________________________ 47
4.8.3.1 Verschil beschrijvende en inferentiële statistiek __________________________________________________ 47
4.8.3.2 Probabilistische steekproeven __________________________________________________________________ 49
4.8.3.3 Niet-probabilistische steekproeven _____________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.3.4 Combinatie ___________________________________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.4 Bepaal de gepaste steekproefgrootte ______________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.5 Voer het proces van steekproeftrekking uit _________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.6 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 50
4.9 Data collection methode ______________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1 Vragenlijsten ____________________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.1 Aandachtspunten _____________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.2 Focus vragenlijst ______________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.3 Modi vragenlijst _______________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.4 Types vragen __________________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.5 Opbouw van een vragenlijst ____________________________________________________________________ 52
4.9.1.6 Respons verhogen _____________________________________________________________________________ 53
4.9.1.7 Casus vragenlijst ______________________________________________________________________________ 53
4.9.1.8 Concept check statements _____________________________________________________________________ 53
4.9.2 Experimenteel ontwerp ___________________________________________________________________________ 54
4.9.2.1 Types experimenten ___________________________________________________________________________ 54
4.9.2.2 Externe en interne validiteit_____________________________________________________________________ 54
4.9.2.3 Courante types experimentele ontwerpen _______________________________________________________ 55
4.9.2.4 Illustratieve casus _____________________________________________________________________________ 56
4.9.2.5 Concept check statements _____________________________________________________________________ 57
5 Kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethoden ________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1 Interviews (en de rol van gefundeerde theorie (grounded theory))__________________________________________ 58
5.1.1 Individuele interviews ____________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1.1.1 Definitie ______________________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1.1.2 Drie categorieën_______________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1.1.3 Planning en organisatie ________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.4 Steekproef ____________________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.5 Interviewproces _______________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.6 DON’TS ______________________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.7 Soorten vragen ________________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.8 Extra tips _____________________________________________________________________________________ 60
5.1.2 Groepsinterviews ________________________________________________________________________________ 60
5.1.2.1 Soorten_______________________________________________________________________________________ 60
5.1.2.2 Voorbereiding _________________________________________________________________________________ 61
3
, 5.1.2.3 Transcriberen _________________________________________________________________________________ 62
5.1.2.4 Coderen ______________________________________________________________________________________ 62
5.1.2.5 Hypothese & propositie ________________________________________________________________________ 63
5.1.2.6 Structureren van data __________________________________________________________________________ 63
5.1.2.7 Hoe beschrijf je de bevindingen in paper of masterproef? _________________________________________ 64
5.1.3 Computer-assisted interviewing___________________________________________________________________ 64
5.2 Observaties __________________________________________________________________________________________ 64
5.2.1 Dimensies om observatiemethoden te onderscheiden ______________________________________________ 65
5.2.2 Observatiemethoden ____________________________________________________________________________ 65
5.2.2.1 Participant observation ________________________________________________________________________ 65
5.2.2.2 Structured observation ________________________________________________________________________ 66
5.2.3 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 67
5.3 Case-studieontwerp __________________________________________________________________________________ 67
5.3.1 Definitie ________________________________________________________________________________________ 67
5.3.2 Dataverzameling _________________________________________________________________________________ 67
5.4 Voor- en nadelen kwalitatief onderzoek _________________________________________________________________ 68
5.4.1 Hoe wordt het onderzoek gevoerd? ________________________________________________________________ 68
5.4.2 Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid _____________________________________________________________________ 68
5.5 Contentanalyse ______________________________________________________________________________________ 68
5.5.1 Definitie en doel _________________________________________________________________________________ 68
5.5.2 Voordelen & nadelen _____________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.2.1 Voordelen ____________________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.2.2 Nadelen ______________________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3 Stappenplan ____________________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3.1 Onderzoeksvraag en doel definiëren_____________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3.2 Concepten definiëren __________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3.3 Populatie of steekproef selecteren ______________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.3.4 Zich vertrouwd maken met de data ______________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.3.5 Interpretatie van de data _______________________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.3.6 De hoeveelheid informatie verminderen _________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.4 Inter-rater/inter-coder reliability ___________________________________________________________________ 72
5.5.5 Hypotheses en proposities _______________________________________________________________________ 72
4
Samenvatting Onderzoeksmethoden
Inhoudsopgave
1 Scientific research ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.1 Wat is wetenschap? ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5
1.2 Positie van sociale wetenschappen _____________________________________________________________________ 5
1.3 Context van sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek _________________________________________________________ 6
1.4 Theorie _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.5 Empirie _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.6 Empirische cyclus _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.6.1 Inductie en deductie ______________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.6.2 Theorie en empirie ________________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.7 Rationalisme vs. empiricisme___________________________________________________________________________ 7
1.7.1 Rationalistische benadering _______________________________________________________________________ 7
1.7.2 Empiricistische benadering ________________________________________________________________________ 8
1.7.3 Synthese rationalisme vs empiricisme ______________________________________________________________ 9
1.8 Wetenschapsfilosofieën _______________________________________________________________________________ 9
1.8.1 Epistemologie ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9
1.8.1.1 Moderne wetenschap __________________________________________________________________________ 10
1.8.1.2 Positivisme ___________________________________________________________________________________ 10
1.8.1.3 Neo-positivisme of logisch positivisme __________________________________________________________ 11
1.8.1.4 Postpositivisme of kritische realisme ____________________________________________________________ 11
1.8.1.5 Kritische rationalisme__________________________________________________________________________ 11
1.8.1.6 Interpretivisme ________________________________________________________________________________ 13
1.8.2 Ontologie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13
1.8.2.1 Objectivisme__________________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.8.2.2 Constructivisme ______________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.8.3 Samengevat _____________________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.9 Ruimere plaatje ______________________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.10 Concept check statements ____________________________________________________________________________ 15
2 Introductie tot business research _________________________________________________________________________ 16
2.1 Wat is onderzoek? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 16
2.1.1 Definities _______________________________________________________________________________________ 16
2.1.2 Toegepast vs fundamenteel onderzoek_____________________________________________________________ 17
2.1.3 Kwantitatief vs kwalitatief onderzoek ______________________________________________________________ 17
2.2 Kenmerken van wetenschappelijk onderzoek (scientific research) _________________________________________ 18
2.2.1 Doelgericht _____________________________________________________________________________________ 18
2.2.2 Rigoureus (nauwkeurigheid) ______________________________________________________________________ 18
2.2.3 Testbaarheid ____________________________________________________________________________________ 18
2.2.4 Reproduceerbaarheid ____________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.5 Precisie en vertrouwen ___________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.6 Objectiviteit _____________________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.7 Veralgemeenbaar ________________________________________________________________________________ 19
2.2.8 Parsimony (zuinigheid) ___________________________________________________________________________ 20
2.2.9 Ethiek __________________________________________________________________________________________ 20
2.3 Kwaliteitsvereisten onderzoek _________________________________________________________________________ 22
2.3.1 Kwantitatieve studies ____________________________________________________________________________ 22
, 2.3.1.1 Betrouwbaarheid ______________________________________________________________________________ 22
2.3.1.2 Validiteit ______________________________________________________________________________________ 22
2.3.1.3 Reproduceerbaarheid _________________________________________________________________________ 23
2.3.2 Kwalitatieve studies ______________________________________________________________________________ 23
2.3.2.1 Betrouwbaarheid ______________________________________________________________________________ 23
2.3.2.2 Aannemelijkheid/trustworthiness _______________________________________________________________ 24
2.3.2.3 Authenticiteit _________________________________________________________________________________ 24
2.4 Rol research in bedrijven ______________________________________________________________________________ 24
2.5 Concept check statements ____________________________________________________________________________ 25
3 Het onderzoeksproces ____________________________________________________________________________________ 26
3.1 Probleemstelling (problem statement) __________________________________________________________________ 26
3.1.1 Identificeer een breed managementprobleem ______________________________________________________ 27
3.1.1.1 Actieprobleem ________________________________________________________________________________ 27
3.1.1.2 Opportuniteitsprobleem _______________________________________________________________________ 27
3.1.2 Verzamel initiële informatie _______________________________________________________________________ 28
3.1.3 Definieer het onderzoeksprobleem ________________________________________________________________ 28
3.1.3.1 Onderzoeksvragen_____________________________________________________________________________ 28
3.1.3.2 Research proposal (onderzoeksvoorstel) ________________________________________________________ 29
3.1.4 Probleemstelling verfijnen ________________________________________________________________________ 29
3.1.4.1 FINER ________________________________________________________________________________________ 29
3.1.4.2 5W’s _________________________________________________________________________________________ 30
3.2 Kritische literatuurstudie ______________________________________________________________________________ 30
3.2.1 Inleiding van een wetenschappelijk artikel _________________________________________________________ 31
3.2.2 Wat is een literatuurstudie? _______________________________________________________________________ 31
3.2.3 Proces van de kritische literatuurstudie ____________________________________________________________ 31
3.2.3.1 Literatuur verzamelen __________________________________________________________________________ 32
3.2.3.2 Literatuur evalueren ___________________________________________________________________________ 33
3.2.3.3 Literatuurstudie structureren ___________________________________________________________________ 34
3.2.3.4 Literatuurstudie uitschrijven ____________________________________________________________________ 34
3.2.4 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 35
3.3 Theoretisch raamwerk en ontwikkelen van hypotheses ___________________________________________________ 35
3.3.1 Wat is een theoretisch raamwerk? _________________________________________________________________ 35
3.3.2 Proces van een theoretisch raamwerk _____________________________________________________________ 36
3.3.3 Wat is een hypothese? ___________________________________________________________________________ 36
3.3.4 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 37
4 Onderzoeksopzet & uitvoering ____________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1 Onderzoeksstrategie __________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.1 Experiment ______________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.2 Surveyonderzoek ________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.3 Etnografie _______________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.4 Case studies ____________________________________________________________________________________ 38
4.1.5 Grounded theory ________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.1.6 Action research __________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.1.7 Mixed methods & triangulatie _____________________________________________________________________ 39
4.2 Mate van interferentie van de onderzoeker ______________________________________________________________ 39
4.3 Setting van de studie __________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.4 Analyse-eenheid (unit of analyses) _____________________________________________________________________ 39
4.5 Tijdshorizon __________________________________________________________________________________________ 39
4.6 Voorbeeldcasus ______________________________________________________________________________________ 40
2
, 4.7 Meten _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
4.7.1 Definitie ________________________________________________________________________________________ 40
4.7.2 Wat kan je meten? _______________________________________________________________________________ 41
4.7.3 Vb.: Prestatiemotivatie ___________________________________________________________________________ 41
4.7.4 Bestaande schalen ______________________________________________________________________________ 42
4.7.5 Operationele definitie ____________________________________________________________________________ 42
4.7.6 Meten: schalen, betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ______________________________________________________ 42
4.7.6.1 Meetniveau ___________________________________________________________________________________ 42
4.7.6.2 Vormgeven van schalen ________________________________________________________________________ 43
4.7.6.3 Betrouwbaarheid & validiteit____________________________________________________________________ 44
4.7.6.4 Reflecterende vs. formatieve meetschaal ________________________________________________________ 45
4.7.7 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 45
4.8 Sampling design (steekproeftrekking) __________________________________________________________________ 46
4.8.1 Definieer populatie ______________________________________________________________________________ 46
4.8.2 Bepaal steekproefkader __________________________________________________________________________ 47
4.8.3 Bepaal steekproefontwerp ________________________________________________________________________ 47
4.8.3.1 Verschil beschrijvende en inferentiële statistiek __________________________________________________ 47
4.8.3.2 Probabilistische steekproeven __________________________________________________________________ 49
4.8.3.3 Niet-probabilistische steekproeven _____________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.3.4 Combinatie ___________________________________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.4 Bepaal de gepaste steekproefgrootte ______________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.5 Voer het proces van steekproeftrekking uit _________________________________________________________ 50
4.8.6 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 50
4.9 Data collection methode ______________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1 Vragenlijsten ____________________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.1 Aandachtspunten _____________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.2 Focus vragenlijst ______________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.3 Modi vragenlijst _______________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.4 Types vragen __________________________________________________________________________________ 51
4.9.1.5 Opbouw van een vragenlijst ____________________________________________________________________ 52
4.9.1.6 Respons verhogen _____________________________________________________________________________ 53
4.9.1.7 Casus vragenlijst ______________________________________________________________________________ 53
4.9.1.8 Concept check statements _____________________________________________________________________ 53
4.9.2 Experimenteel ontwerp ___________________________________________________________________________ 54
4.9.2.1 Types experimenten ___________________________________________________________________________ 54
4.9.2.2 Externe en interne validiteit_____________________________________________________________________ 54
4.9.2.3 Courante types experimentele ontwerpen _______________________________________________________ 55
4.9.2.4 Illustratieve casus _____________________________________________________________________________ 56
4.9.2.5 Concept check statements _____________________________________________________________________ 57
5 Kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethoden ________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1 Interviews (en de rol van gefundeerde theorie (grounded theory))__________________________________________ 58
5.1.1 Individuele interviews ____________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1.1.1 Definitie ______________________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1.1.2 Drie categorieën_______________________________________________________________________________ 58
5.1.1.3 Planning en organisatie ________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.4 Steekproef ____________________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.5 Interviewproces _______________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.6 DON’TS ______________________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.7 Soorten vragen ________________________________________________________________________________ 59
5.1.1.8 Extra tips _____________________________________________________________________________________ 60
5.1.2 Groepsinterviews ________________________________________________________________________________ 60
5.1.2.1 Soorten_______________________________________________________________________________________ 60
5.1.2.2 Voorbereiding _________________________________________________________________________________ 61
3
, 5.1.2.3 Transcriberen _________________________________________________________________________________ 62
5.1.2.4 Coderen ______________________________________________________________________________________ 62
5.1.2.5 Hypothese & propositie ________________________________________________________________________ 63
5.1.2.6 Structureren van data __________________________________________________________________________ 63
5.1.2.7 Hoe beschrijf je de bevindingen in paper of masterproef? _________________________________________ 64
5.1.3 Computer-assisted interviewing___________________________________________________________________ 64
5.2 Observaties __________________________________________________________________________________________ 64
5.2.1 Dimensies om observatiemethoden te onderscheiden ______________________________________________ 65
5.2.2 Observatiemethoden ____________________________________________________________________________ 65
5.2.2.1 Participant observation ________________________________________________________________________ 65
5.2.2.2 Structured observation ________________________________________________________________________ 66
5.2.3 Concept check statements _______________________________________________________________________ 67
5.3 Case-studieontwerp __________________________________________________________________________________ 67
5.3.1 Definitie ________________________________________________________________________________________ 67
5.3.2 Dataverzameling _________________________________________________________________________________ 67
5.4 Voor- en nadelen kwalitatief onderzoek _________________________________________________________________ 68
5.4.1 Hoe wordt het onderzoek gevoerd? ________________________________________________________________ 68
5.4.2 Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid _____________________________________________________________________ 68
5.5 Contentanalyse ______________________________________________________________________________________ 68
5.5.1 Definitie en doel _________________________________________________________________________________ 68
5.5.2 Voordelen & nadelen _____________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.2.1 Voordelen ____________________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.2.2 Nadelen ______________________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3 Stappenplan ____________________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3.1 Onderzoeksvraag en doel definiëren_____________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3.2 Concepten definiëren __________________________________________________________________________ 69
5.5.3.3 Populatie of steekproef selecteren ______________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.3.4 Zich vertrouwd maken met de data ______________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.3.5 Interpretatie van de data _______________________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.3.6 De hoeveelheid informatie verminderen _________________________________________________________ 70
5.5.4 Inter-rater/inter-coder reliability ___________________________________________________________________ 72
5.5.5 Hypotheses en proposities _______________________________________________________________________ 72
4
