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Genomes of A Population - CORRECT ANSWERS In the genomes of a population of any
organism, we known that there are many "genes" containing considerable levels of variation.
Assume we have collected genetic data on the frequency of a trait in a random sample of the
population that we are studying. - CORRECT ANSWERS What information can we
expect to have for the trait?
-Assume the trait has Mendelian inheritance.
-Assume we can obtain accurate phenotype frequencies.
--Let's initially assume co-dominant inheritance (like piebald spotting in the hair of cats).
-We can start with the phenotype frequencies and then calculate observed genotype and allele
frequencies.
Piebald Spotting in Cats - CORRECT ANSWERS Co-dominantly inherited trait.
Two alleles.
-S=white
-s=non-white
Three genotypes.
-SS=>50% white
-Ss=5-49% white
-ss-solid non-white
The Null Hypothesis Model for Population Genetics/The Hardy-Weinberg Model - CORRECT
ANSWERS We need to be able to make some predictions about populations. To do this
logically, we need to start from a null hypothesis.
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What Is The Hardy-Weinberg Model?
How Did We Get This Model? - CORRECT ANSWERS Let's put our discussion into the
context of science in the first decade of the 20th Century.
Mendelism has been rediscovered.
Biometricians are feuding with Medelians.
How important are discrete "Mendelian" traits compared to "continuous" Darwinian traits?
Those who believed that Mendelian traits are really important presented their evidence.
One scientist in particular: Reginald Punnett.
"Mendelism in Relation to Disease" - CORRECT ANSWERS A presentation by R. Punnett
to the Royal Academy of Medicine (February 28, 1908).
Emphasized the existence of simple Mendelian traits in humans.
-Some of Punnett's examples: Eye color, Brachydactyly.
Not So Fast - CORRECT ANSWERS British statistician, in the audience for Punnett's talk--
a "biometrician".
Objected to Punnett's interpretation because of the frequency of traits in the population.
Udny Yule (commenting on Punnett's paper): "Assuming that brown or duplex eye-colour was
dominant over blue, if mating of persons of different eye-colours were random (and that was
very nearly true), it was to be expected that in the population there would be three persons
with brown eyes to one with blue; but that was not so. There were more blues than browns."
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"The same applied to the examples of brachydactyly. The author said that brachydactyly was
dominant. In the course of time one would then expect, in the absence of counteracting
factors, to get three brachydactylous persons to one normal, but that was not so. There must
be other disturbing factors of equal importance."
Yule's Comments Agreed With Others - CORRECT ANSWERS Speculation by many who
were skeptical of the importance of Mendelism:
-For discrete traits, Mendelism predicted that gene frequencies in populations (and phenotype
frequencies) will be pushed towards certain specific values (because of Mendelian inheritance).
For Punnett's Human Examples, He Was Perplexed. - CORRECT ANSWERS He had no
answer to Yule's objections.
Punnett turned to a friend, G.H. Hardy, one of Britain's most distinguished mathematicians.
Hardy realized that Yule's objection could be answered easily (in fact, he seemed embarrassed
by the simplicity).
Hardy was correct, the answer was "simple."
Several investigators independently came up with the answer.
William E. Castle - CORRECT ANSWERS First prominent American Mendelian.
Dealt indirectly with the "Yule" problem in a paper published in 1903.
Wilhelm Weinberg - CORRECT ANSWERS German physician.
, EEOB 3310 EXAM #3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
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Dealt directly with the problem in a paper published (in German) in January 1908.
G.H. Hardy - CORRECT ANSWERS Dealt directly with the problem in a paper published
in July 1908.
Castle-Hardy-Weinberg Model (1908) - CORRECT ANSWERS W.E. Castle:
One of the founders of genetics in the United States.
Professor at Harvard.
Wrote a paper in 1903 concerning population frequencies of alleles.
-Special case.
Was mentor to a number of students who were influential to American genetics.
--Laurence H. Snyder: One of those who verified the Mendelian inheritance of the PTC "taster"
trait. Used his OSU students, and their families, as the study group.
Hardy-Weinberg Model (1908) - CORRECT ANSWERS Simplest model for population
genetics.
-Model is based on a foundation of Mendelian inheritance.
Assumptions:
No directive forces.
-No mutation.
-No selection.
-No migration.
No dispersive forces.
-Population infinite in size.
UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION CONTAINS 100%
CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED ANSWERS BEST GRADED A+ FOR
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Genomes of A Population - CORRECT ANSWERS In the genomes of a population of any
organism, we known that there are many "genes" containing considerable levels of variation.
Assume we have collected genetic data on the frequency of a trait in a random sample of the
population that we are studying. - CORRECT ANSWERS What information can we
expect to have for the trait?
-Assume the trait has Mendelian inheritance.
-Assume we can obtain accurate phenotype frequencies.
--Let's initially assume co-dominant inheritance (like piebald spotting in the hair of cats).
-We can start with the phenotype frequencies and then calculate observed genotype and allele
frequencies.
Piebald Spotting in Cats - CORRECT ANSWERS Co-dominantly inherited trait.
Two alleles.
-S=white
-s=non-white
Three genotypes.
-SS=>50% white
-Ss=5-49% white
-ss-solid non-white
The Null Hypothesis Model for Population Genetics/The Hardy-Weinberg Model - CORRECT
ANSWERS We need to be able to make some predictions about populations. To do this
logically, we need to start from a null hypothesis.
,EEOB 3310 EXAM #3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION CONTAINS 100%
CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED ANSWERS BEST GRADED A+ FOR
SUCCESS
What Is The Hardy-Weinberg Model?
How Did We Get This Model? - CORRECT ANSWERS Let's put our discussion into the
context of science in the first decade of the 20th Century.
Mendelism has been rediscovered.
Biometricians are feuding with Medelians.
How important are discrete "Mendelian" traits compared to "continuous" Darwinian traits?
Those who believed that Mendelian traits are really important presented their evidence.
One scientist in particular: Reginald Punnett.
"Mendelism in Relation to Disease" - CORRECT ANSWERS A presentation by R. Punnett
to the Royal Academy of Medicine (February 28, 1908).
Emphasized the existence of simple Mendelian traits in humans.
-Some of Punnett's examples: Eye color, Brachydactyly.
Not So Fast - CORRECT ANSWERS British statistician, in the audience for Punnett's talk--
a "biometrician".
Objected to Punnett's interpretation because of the frequency of traits in the population.
Udny Yule (commenting on Punnett's paper): "Assuming that brown or duplex eye-colour was
dominant over blue, if mating of persons of different eye-colours were random (and that was
very nearly true), it was to be expected that in the population there would be three persons
with brown eyes to one with blue; but that was not so. There were more blues than browns."
,EEOB 3310 EXAM #3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION CONTAINS 100%
CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED ANSWERS BEST GRADED A+ FOR
SUCCESS
"The same applied to the examples of brachydactyly. The author said that brachydactyly was
dominant. In the course of time one would then expect, in the absence of counteracting
factors, to get three brachydactylous persons to one normal, but that was not so. There must
be other disturbing factors of equal importance."
Yule's Comments Agreed With Others - CORRECT ANSWERS Speculation by many who
were skeptical of the importance of Mendelism:
-For discrete traits, Mendelism predicted that gene frequencies in populations (and phenotype
frequencies) will be pushed towards certain specific values (because of Mendelian inheritance).
For Punnett's Human Examples, He Was Perplexed. - CORRECT ANSWERS He had no
answer to Yule's objections.
Punnett turned to a friend, G.H. Hardy, one of Britain's most distinguished mathematicians.
Hardy realized that Yule's objection could be answered easily (in fact, he seemed embarrassed
by the simplicity).
Hardy was correct, the answer was "simple."
Several investigators independently came up with the answer.
William E. Castle - CORRECT ANSWERS First prominent American Mendelian.
Dealt indirectly with the "Yule" problem in a paper published in 1903.
Wilhelm Weinberg - CORRECT ANSWERS German physician.
, EEOB 3310 EXAM #3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATED 2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION CONTAINS 100%
CORRECT VERIFIED/DETAILED ANSWERS BEST GRADED A+ FOR
SUCCESS
Dealt directly with the problem in a paper published (in German) in January 1908.
G.H. Hardy - CORRECT ANSWERS Dealt directly with the problem in a paper published
in July 1908.
Castle-Hardy-Weinberg Model (1908) - CORRECT ANSWERS W.E. Castle:
One of the founders of genetics in the United States.
Professor at Harvard.
Wrote a paper in 1903 concerning population frequencies of alleles.
-Special case.
Was mentor to a number of students who were influential to American genetics.
--Laurence H. Snyder: One of those who verified the Mendelian inheritance of the PTC "taster"
trait. Used his OSU students, and their families, as the study group.
Hardy-Weinberg Model (1908) - CORRECT ANSWERS Simplest model for population
genetics.
-Model is based on a foundation of Mendelian inheritance.
Assumptions:
No directive forces.
-No mutation.
-No selection.
-No migration.
No dispersive forces.
-Population infinite in size.
