NURS 504 Pathophysiology Midterm
A patient cuts his finger. Which fibers transmit the pain signal? - answer A-delta fibers
Where the gate located that is is referred to in the gate control theory of pain? – answer
Substantia gelatinosa
Massage therapy relieves pain by stimulating the _____ that close the pain gate. -
answerA-beta fibers
When caring for a person who has had pain for 3 days, what physiologic signs of pain
would a nurse expect to find? - answer Increased heart rate and respiratory rate with
diaphoresis
Which is a description of Cheyne-Stokes respirations? - answerA smooth increase in
rate and depth followed by a gradual smooth decrease in rate and depth
Which is a characteristic of brainstem death? - answerApnea
Which description is consistent with a complex partial seizure? - answerConsciousness
is impaired as well as the ability to respond to exogenous stimuli
The body compensates to a rise in intracranial pressure by first displacing: -
answerCerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What pathologic alteration produces tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural
abnormalities? - answerAtrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce
dopamine
Which neurologic disorder is characterized by cortical nerve cell processes that have
become twisted and dilated? - answerAlzheimer disease
A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a contrecoup injury to the _____
region. - answerOccipital lobe
What damage is most likely to occur to the brain in a classic cerebral concussion (grade
IV)? - answerDiffuse cerebral disconnection from the reticular activating system
The signs of thyroid crisis resulting from Graves disease include: - answerHyperthermia
and tachycardia.
The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in Graves disease is usually: -
answerLow
,Palpation of the neck of a person with Graves disease would detect a thyroid that is: -
answerEnlarged diffusely.
What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - answerConstipation, decreased
heat rate, and lethargy
A person with type 1 diabetes experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor,
headache, and confusion. The most probable cause of these symptoms is: -
answerHypoglycemia caused by increased exercise.
Hyperkalemia develops in the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis because: -
answerHydrogen ions shift into the cell in exchange for potassium to compensate for
metabolic acidosis.
Which of the following hormones will not raise blood glucose?
Glucagon
Parathyroid hormone
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone - answerParathyroid hormone.
The polyuria associated with diabetic nephropathy is caused by - answerIncreased
protein excretion.
Of the following people, who is at highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? -
answerBlack women older than 70 years of age
Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk factors for
which type of stroke? - answerEmbolic
Conditions that adversely influence progression and extent of ischemic injury include all
of the following except:
Hypercoaguable state
Systemic hypertension
Rapid development of ischemic event
Subnormal body temperature - answerSubnormal body temperature
The true statement in regards to ischemic penumbra (IP) is
a. IP is an area of massive neuronal death that results from a global reduction in
cerebral
blood flow (CBF)
b. CBF in the IP is usually above the 50% of the norm
,c. Auto regulatory mechanisms are preserved in the IP
d. IP is a potentially salvageable area of marginal blood flow that surrounds a core
ofischemic brain tissue - answerIP is a potentially salvageable area of marginal blood
flow that surrounds a core of ischemic brain tissue
MS is an __________ disorder diffusely involving degeneration of _____ myelin and
loss of axons. MS is described as occurring when a previous ______ insult to the
nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual with a subsequent
abnormal immune response in the CNS. - answerautoimmune, CNS, viral
Which of the following are autoimmune disorders?
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Osteoporosis - answerMultiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Acetylcholineesterase (AChE) inhibitors are an effective treatment for myasthenia gravis
because they contribute to a decreased concentration of acetylcholine in the
neuromuscular junction.
True or False? - answerFalse. They contribute to an increased concentration of
acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction.
Receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand (RANKL) expression is inversely
correlated with serum level of 17 β-estradiol (i.e., with estradiol deficiency, RANKL is
increased).
True or False? - answerTrue.
Considering the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, after being activated by RANKL,
which of the following will happen?
Prolonged osteoblast survival.
Prolonged osteoclast survival.
Apoptosis of osteoclasts.
Apoptosis of osteoblasts. - answerProlonged osteoclast survival.
RANKL activates the receptor RANK, which is expressed on osteoclasts and their
precursors and suppresses apoptosis, which leads to activation and prolongation of
osteoclast survival.
Considering the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, which hormone exerts antiapoptotic
effects on osteoblasts, but proapoptotic effects on osteoclasts? - answerEstrogen.
, Data reveal that sex steroids (e.g., estrogens) exert antiapoptotic effects on osteoblasts
but exert proapoptotic effects on osteoclasts; in both scenarios this is accomplished by
activating the extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs).
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Ocular disease - answerGrade I
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Generalized weakness - answerGrade II
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Mild weakness - answerGrade IIa
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Moderate weakness - answerGrade IIb
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Severe generalized weakness - answerGrade III
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Myasthenic crisis and respiratory failure - answerGrade VI
A sudden, non-convulsive focal neurologic deficit.
An abnormal condition of the brain characterized by occlusion by an embolus,
thrombus, or cerebrovascular hemorrhage or vasospasm, resulting in ischemia of the
brain tissues normally perfused by the damaged vessels. - answerCerebrovascular
Accident
Think atherosclerosis and cardioembolic risks; hypercoagulability, and migraine -
answerIschemia
Think hypertension, bleeding disorders and vascular malformations -
answerIntracerebral hemorrhage
Think aneurysms - answerSubarachnoid hemorrhage
Most important modifiable risk factor for stroke. - answerHypertension
Cessation returns individual to the risk level of the rest of the population after five years.
- answerSmoking
Age >67, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocystinemia, elevated C-reactive protein,
male gender or a female after menopause, family history, African-American race, and
recent myocardial infarction. - answerCVA risks
A patient cuts his finger. Which fibers transmit the pain signal? - answer A-delta fibers
Where the gate located that is is referred to in the gate control theory of pain? – answer
Substantia gelatinosa
Massage therapy relieves pain by stimulating the _____ that close the pain gate. -
answerA-beta fibers
When caring for a person who has had pain for 3 days, what physiologic signs of pain
would a nurse expect to find? - answer Increased heart rate and respiratory rate with
diaphoresis
Which is a description of Cheyne-Stokes respirations? - answerA smooth increase in
rate and depth followed by a gradual smooth decrease in rate and depth
Which is a characteristic of brainstem death? - answerApnea
Which description is consistent with a complex partial seizure? - answerConsciousness
is impaired as well as the ability to respond to exogenous stimuli
The body compensates to a rise in intracranial pressure by first displacing: -
answerCerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What pathologic alteration produces tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural
abnormalities? - answerAtrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce
dopamine
Which neurologic disorder is characterized by cortical nerve cell processes that have
become twisted and dilated? - answerAlzheimer disease
A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a contrecoup injury to the _____
region. - answerOccipital lobe
What damage is most likely to occur to the brain in a classic cerebral concussion (grade
IV)? - answerDiffuse cerebral disconnection from the reticular activating system
The signs of thyroid crisis resulting from Graves disease include: - answerHyperthermia
and tachycardia.
The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in Graves disease is usually: -
answerLow
,Palpation of the neck of a person with Graves disease would detect a thyroid that is: -
answerEnlarged diffusely.
What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - answerConstipation, decreased
heat rate, and lethargy
A person with type 1 diabetes experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor,
headache, and confusion. The most probable cause of these symptoms is: -
answerHypoglycemia caused by increased exercise.
Hyperkalemia develops in the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis because: -
answerHydrogen ions shift into the cell in exchange for potassium to compensate for
metabolic acidosis.
Which of the following hormones will not raise blood glucose?
Glucagon
Parathyroid hormone
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone - answerParathyroid hormone.
The polyuria associated with diabetic nephropathy is caused by - answerIncreased
protein excretion.
Of the following people, who is at highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? -
answerBlack women older than 70 years of age
Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk factors for
which type of stroke? - answerEmbolic
Conditions that adversely influence progression and extent of ischemic injury include all
of the following except:
Hypercoaguable state
Systemic hypertension
Rapid development of ischemic event
Subnormal body temperature - answerSubnormal body temperature
The true statement in regards to ischemic penumbra (IP) is
a. IP is an area of massive neuronal death that results from a global reduction in
cerebral
blood flow (CBF)
b. CBF in the IP is usually above the 50% of the norm
,c. Auto regulatory mechanisms are preserved in the IP
d. IP is a potentially salvageable area of marginal blood flow that surrounds a core
ofischemic brain tissue - answerIP is a potentially salvageable area of marginal blood
flow that surrounds a core of ischemic brain tissue
MS is an __________ disorder diffusely involving degeneration of _____ myelin and
loss of axons. MS is described as occurring when a previous ______ insult to the
nervous system has occurred in a genetically susceptible individual with a subsequent
abnormal immune response in the CNS. - answerautoimmune, CNS, viral
Which of the following are autoimmune disorders?
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Osteoporosis - answerMultiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Acetylcholineesterase (AChE) inhibitors are an effective treatment for myasthenia gravis
because they contribute to a decreased concentration of acetylcholine in the
neuromuscular junction.
True or False? - answerFalse. They contribute to an increased concentration of
acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction.
Receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand (RANKL) expression is inversely
correlated with serum level of 17 β-estradiol (i.e., with estradiol deficiency, RANKL is
increased).
True or False? - answerTrue.
Considering the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, after being activated by RANKL,
which of the following will happen?
Prolonged osteoblast survival.
Prolonged osteoclast survival.
Apoptosis of osteoclasts.
Apoptosis of osteoblasts. - answerProlonged osteoclast survival.
RANKL activates the receptor RANK, which is expressed on osteoclasts and their
precursors and suppresses apoptosis, which leads to activation and prolongation of
osteoclast survival.
Considering the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, which hormone exerts antiapoptotic
effects on osteoblasts, but proapoptotic effects on osteoclasts? - answerEstrogen.
, Data reveal that sex steroids (e.g., estrogens) exert antiapoptotic effects on osteoblasts
but exert proapoptotic effects on osteoclasts; in both scenarios this is accomplished by
activating the extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs).
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Ocular disease - answerGrade I
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Generalized weakness - answerGrade II
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Mild weakness - answerGrade IIa
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Moderate weakness - answerGrade IIb
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Severe generalized weakness - answerGrade III
What grade of myasthenia gravis?
Myasthenic crisis and respiratory failure - answerGrade VI
A sudden, non-convulsive focal neurologic deficit.
An abnormal condition of the brain characterized by occlusion by an embolus,
thrombus, or cerebrovascular hemorrhage or vasospasm, resulting in ischemia of the
brain tissues normally perfused by the damaged vessels. - answerCerebrovascular
Accident
Think atherosclerosis and cardioembolic risks; hypercoagulability, and migraine -
answerIschemia
Think hypertension, bleeding disorders and vascular malformations -
answerIntracerebral hemorrhage
Think aneurysms - answerSubarachnoid hemorrhage
Most important modifiable risk factor for stroke. - answerHypertension
Cessation returns individual to the risk level of the rest of the population after five years.
- answerSmoking
Age >67, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocystinemia, elevated C-reactive protein,
male gender or a female after menopause, family history, African-American race, and
recent myocardial infarction. - answerCVA risks
