ESL Certification Test Prep
Homonyms - -Words that have 2 or more specific person, thing, or amount (all, another,
meanings any, anybody, few, many, one, some, several)
Homographs - -2 words that have the 1981 Castaneda vs. Pickard - -Roy
same spelling and/or pronunciation but different Castaneda vs. Raymondville ISD. Claimed RISD
meanings (bat/bat) was discriminating against his kids because of
their ethnicity. Courts established a 3-pronged
test for evaluating programs serving ELL's
Homophones - -2 words that have the (Castaneda Standard): 1. base programs on
same pronunciation but different spelling and educational theory 2. implement programs 3.
meanings (wood/would) evaluate programs
Heteronyms - -2 words that have the same 1982 Plyler vs. Doe - -Undocumented
spelling but have different pronunciations and children have the right to go to school
meanings (Polish/polish)
1974 Lau vs. Nichols - -Case by Chinese
Orthography - -Writing words with the American students in San Fran who had LEP.
proper letters. The way in which the words of a Claimed they were not receiving special help due
language are spelled. to inability to speak English. They said it violated
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Minimal Pairs - -A pair of words that are
different only by a single sound (desk/disk, Phonology (language systems) - -Study of
fan/van, sit/seat, wet/wait) the system and pattern of speech sounds of a
language.
Relative Pronouns - -Connects a clause or
phrase to a noun or pronoun (that, which, whose, Phoneme (language systems) - -A speech
who, whom) sound identified by a native speaker (phonemic
awareness)
Possessive Pronouns - -Show ownership
(mine, hers, his, yours, ours, theirs, my) Phonetics (language systems) - -How
phonemes are physically produced
Reflexive Pronouns - -When we refer back
to the subject of the sentence or clause (end in - Phonics (language systems) - -How
self or -selves: myself, herself, ourselves, phonemes are represented in written language
themselves)
Morphology (language systems) - -How
Indefinite Pronouns - -Doesn't refer to any words are structured and how they are put
1/5
, ESL Certification Test Prep
together from smaller parts known as sentence depends on the context in which it is
morphemes used (time, place, social relationship)
Morpheme (language systems) - -The Discourse (language systems) - -A
smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or continuous stretch of speech or written text
grammatical function (stem, suffix, prefix)
Tonal/Language Register - -The pitch or
Creating Sentences - -Combine stress at which syllables in a word are
phonemes into morphemes, pronounced (frozen, formal, consultative, casual,
morphemes into words, intimate)
words into sentences
Dialect - -A variety of a language defined
Syntax (language systems) - -The way in by both geographical factors and social factors
which sentences are constructed and how (class, religion, ethnicity).
sentences are related to each other.
English syntax is taught by grammar study. Standard dialect- understood by all speakers,
educated speech, and language of the group in
power.
Semantics (language systems) - -The
study of linguistic meaning, including the Dialectal differences- phonological, lexical, and
meaning of words, morphemes, phrases, and syntactical
sentences.
Encompasses the ways in which the meanings of
words change and develop. BICS= Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills
(Dimension of language) - -Social,
conversational, everyday situations
Lexicon (language systems) - -The Context- embedded
vocabulary of a language including information 2 or more years to reach same level of
about the meaning, grammatical function, and proficiency as a native speaker
pronunciation.
Lexical Ambiguity- a situation when one word CALP= Cognitive and Academic Language
has 2 or more meanings. Proficiency (Dimension of language) - -
Academic, higher order thinking skills
Context- reduced
Cognate - -A word in the second language 5- 7 years to reach same level of proficiency as a
that has a similar meaning to a word in the first native speaker
language (rose- rosado, monument- monumento)
Krashen - -5 Hypothesis of L2 Acquisition-
Pragmatics (language systems) - -The 1. Comprehensible Input: need to comprehend
study of how the meaning conveyed by a word or what is being communicated.
2/5
Homonyms - -Words that have 2 or more specific person, thing, or amount (all, another,
meanings any, anybody, few, many, one, some, several)
Homographs - -2 words that have the 1981 Castaneda vs. Pickard - -Roy
same spelling and/or pronunciation but different Castaneda vs. Raymondville ISD. Claimed RISD
meanings (bat/bat) was discriminating against his kids because of
their ethnicity. Courts established a 3-pronged
test for evaluating programs serving ELL's
Homophones - -2 words that have the (Castaneda Standard): 1. base programs on
same pronunciation but different spelling and educational theory 2. implement programs 3.
meanings (wood/would) evaluate programs
Heteronyms - -2 words that have the same 1982 Plyler vs. Doe - -Undocumented
spelling but have different pronunciations and children have the right to go to school
meanings (Polish/polish)
1974 Lau vs. Nichols - -Case by Chinese
Orthography - -Writing words with the American students in San Fran who had LEP.
proper letters. The way in which the words of a Claimed they were not receiving special help due
language are spelled. to inability to speak English. They said it violated
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Minimal Pairs - -A pair of words that are
different only by a single sound (desk/disk, Phonology (language systems) - -Study of
fan/van, sit/seat, wet/wait) the system and pattern of speech sounds of a
language.
Relative Pronouns - -Connects a clause or
phrase to a noun or pronoun (that, which, whose, Phoneme (language systems) - -A speech
who, whom) sound identified by a native speaker (phonemic
awareness)
Possessive Pronouns - -Show ownership
(mine, hers, his, yours, ours, theirs, my) Phonetics (language systems) - -How
phonemes are physically produced
Reflexive Pronouns - -When we refer back
to the subject of the sentence or clause (end in - Phonics (language systems) - -How
self or -selves: myself, herself, ourselves, phonemes are represented in written language
themselves)
Morphology (language systems) - -How
Indefinite Pronouns - -Doesn't refer to any words are structured and how they are put
1/5
, ESL Certification Test Prep
together from smaller parts known as sentence depends on the context in which it is
morphemes used (time, place, social relationship)
Morpheme (language systems) - -The Discourse (language systems) - -A
smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or continuous stretch of speech or written text
grammatical function (stem, suffix, prefix)
Tonal/Language Register - -The pitch or
Creating Sentences - -Combine stress at which syllables in a word are
phonemes into morphemes, pronounced (frozen, formal, consultative, casual,
morphemes into words, intimate)
words into sentences
Dialect - -A variety of a language defined
Syntax (language systems) - -The way in by both geographical factors and social factors
which sentences are constructed and how (class, religion, ethnicity).
sentences are related to each other.
English syntax is taught by grammar study. Standard dialect- understood by all speakers,
educated speech, and language of the group in
power.
Semantics (language systems) - -The
study of linguistic meaning, including the Dialectal differences- phonological, lexical, and
meaning of words, morphemes, phrases, and syntactical
sentences.
Encompasses the ways in which the meanings of
words change and develop. BICS= Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills
(Dimension of language) - -Social,
conversational, everyday situations
Lexicon (language systems) - -The Context- embedded
vocabulary of a language including information 2 or more years to reach same level of
about the meaning, grammatical function, and proficiency as a native speaker
pronunciation.
Lexical Ambiguity- a situation when one word CALP= Cognitive and Academic Language
has 2 or more meanings. Proficiency (Dimension of language) - -
Academic, higher order thinking skills
Context- reduced
Cognate - -A word in the second language 5- 7 years to reach same level of proficiency as a
that has a similar meaning to a word in the first native speaker
language (rose- rosado, monument- monumento)
Krashen - -5 Hypothesis of L2 Acquisition-
Pragmatics (language systems) - -The 1. Comprehensible Input: need to comprehend
study of how the meaning conveyed by a word or what is being communicated.
2/5
