HCD 330 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM
#100% ACCURATE
Differentiate primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention - ANSWER1)
Primary Prevention- avoids the development of disease; ex) promotion activities (ie
health education), smoking cessation programs, immunization programs, and
educational programs for pregnancy.
2) Secondary Prevention- activities focus on early disease detection, which prevents
progression of disease; ex) screening programs (ie high blood pressure testing),
colonoscopies, mammograms
3) Tertiary prevention- focuses on rehabilitaion and monitoring of diseased individuals;
ex) a person with high blood pressure who is taking blood pressure medication
4) Quaternary Prevention- focuses on mitigating unnecessary efforts on interventions
that do not work and providing care that is medically acceptable
**traditional medicine focuses on #3 prevention and primary care providers focus on #1
and #2
Define gross domestic product (GDP) - ANSWERGross domestic product is the total
finished products or services that are produced in a country within a year.
Explain the milestones of medicine and medical education - ANSWEREarly medicine
did not require a major course of study, training, board exams, and licensing. In fact,
clergy, tradesmen, and barbers were also medical care providers. Often times, medical
care providers relied on common sense. By 1847, the American Medical Association
(AMA) was created as a professional membership organization for physicians that
encouraged private practice. As there were many medical schools at this time, the AMA
worked to create standards of education and practice. The Flexor Report was created in
1910 which evaluated medical schools in Canada/U.S. that forced medical schools to
develop curricula and admission testing. IN 1965, when medicaid and medicare
programs were adopted, the government saw the need to support medical education,
which resulted in ongoing federal funding to teaching hospitals. During more recent
times with the passing of the ACA, there has been an increase in need for primary care
providers therefore schools are now focusing more on primary care curriculum
initiatives.
Explain the milestones of nursing education - ANSWERIn the mid-1800s, physicians
trained women to perform menial tasks for them. In 1854, Florence Nightingale of
England established the Nightingale Principles, which was the foundation for nursing
education. In 1860, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses was created based off of
these principles. Wars encouraged the spread of nursing programs across seas as
nurses provided critical care. By 1900, there were 400 hospital bed nursing programs.
Over the next 48 years, the Goldman Report and Brown Report were adopted for
standardization implementation of nursing programs. By 1964, the Nurse Practice Act of
1964 allowed nurses to diagnose and prescribe medication. Studies from 2003-2008
, indicated that outcomes were more positive when a BSN-trained nurse was involved in
care. These recommendations continued to be relevant into 2019.
Explain the milestones of the hospital and healthcare systems - ANSWERIn the early
19th century, almshouses or poor houses were established to serve the indigent.
Government operated past houses segregated people who might otherwise spread their
diseases. During this period, hospitals were owned by the physicians who practiced in
them. With the establishment of the AMA in the early 20th century, physicians
reputation increased. Ownership of hospitals changed from physician owned to church
related and government operated. In 1985, the emergency medical treatment and active
labor act was enacted to ensure that consumers were not refused emergency
treatment. Hospitalist, created in 1996 our providers who focus exclusively on the care
of patients when they are hospitalized. In 2000 to the joint commission required
hospitals to increase consumer awareness by requiring hospitals to inform patients if
their outcomes were not consistent with typical results. In 2007 the Institute for health
improvement launch the AAA team which focused on the three goals of patient
satisfaction, improving public health, and reducing healthcare costs. As of 2019, the
21st century cures act requires CMS to access penalties on hospitals if their
performance is not consistent with other hospitals that treat patients who are both
Medicaid and Medicare eligible.
Explain the milestones of the U.S. health insurance system - ANSWERDuring the 19th
century, the AMA was worried there any national health insurance would impact the
financial security of its providers. In 1929 a group hospital insurance plan was offered to
teachers at a hospital in Texas. This became the foundation of the nonprofit Blue Cross
plants. In 1935, the SSA was enacted; Social Security was considered "old age"
insurance. At the start of the 21st century, cost, access, and quality continue to be
issues for the US healthcare. The largest public coverage program is Medicare, which
covers 55 million people. In 2003, a consumer law, the Medicare prescription drug,
improvement, and modernization act, created a major overhaul of the Medicare system.
It created Medicare part D, a prescription drug plan that became effective in 2006. In
2009 there was a major public outcry at regional Townhall meeting supposing any type
of government universal healthcare coverage. The 2010 affordable care act required
individuals to purchase health insurance by 2014. In June 2018, a federal judge ruled is
Mandy unconstitutional, so this ruling could have an impact on the ACA overall.
Define life expectancy and infant mortality rate and discuss their importance -
ANSWER1) Life expectancy rates are an indication of the health of a designated
population; they calculated the average lifespan of an individual
2) Infant mortality rates are calculated by the number of deaths under one year of age
among live births per 1000 births within a year
**these rates speak to the type of health care that is provided or accessed at the
beginning and end of life/the health of a designated geographic area
#100% ACCURATE
Differentiate primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention - ANSWER1)
Primary Prevention- avoids the development of disease; ex) promotion activities (ie
health education), smoking cessation programs, immunization programs, and
educational programs for pregnancy.
2) Secondary Prevention- activities focus on early disease detection, which prevents
progression of disease; ex) screening programs (ie high blood pressure testing),
colonoscopies, mammograms
3) Tertiary prevention- focuses on rehabilitaion and monitoring of diseased individuals;
ex) a person with high blood pressure who is taking blood pressure medication
4) Quaternary Prevention- focuses on mitigating unnecessary efforts on interventions
that do not work and providing care that is medically acceptable
**traditional medicine focuses on #3 prevention and primary care providers focus on #1
and #2
Define gross domestic product (GDP) - ANSWERGross domestic product is the total
finished products or services that are produced in a country within a year.
Explain the milestones of medicine and medical education - ANSWEREarly medicine
did not require a major course of study, training, board exams, and licensing. In fact,
clergy, tradesmen, and barbers were also medical care providers. Often times, medical
care providers relied on common sense. By 1847, the American Medical Association
(AMA) was created as a professional membership organization for physicians that
encouraged private practice. As there were many medical schools at this time, the AMA
worked to create standards of education and practice. The Flexor Report was created in
1910 which evaluated medical schools in Canada/U.S. that forced medical schools to
develop curricula and admission testing. IN 1965, when medicaid and medicare
programs were adopted, the government saw the need to support medical education,
which resulted in ongoing federal funding to teaching hospitals. During more recent
times with the passing of the ACA, there has been an increase in need for primary care
providers therefore schools are now focusing more on primary care curriculum
initiatives.
Explain the milestones of nursing education - ANSWERIn the mid-1800s, physicians
trained women to perform menial tasks for them. In 1854, Florence Nightingale of
England established the Nightingale Principles, which was the foundation for nursing
education. In 1860, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses was created based off of
these principles. Wars encouraged the spread of nursing programs across seas as
nurses provided critical care. By 1900, there were 400 hospital bed nursing programs.
Over the next 48 years, the Goldman Report and Brown Report were adopted for
standardization implementation of nursing programs. By 1964, the Nurse Practice Act of
1964 allowed nurses to diagnose and prescribe medication. Studies from 2003-2008
, indicated that outcomes were more positive when a BSN-trained nurse was involved in
care. These recommendations continued to be relevant into 2019.
Explain the milestones of the hospital and healthcare systems - ANSWERIn the early
19th century, almshouses or poor houses were established to serve the indigent.
Government operated past houses segregated people who might otherwise spread their
diseases. During this period, hospitals were owned by the physicians who practiced in
them. With the establishment of the AMA in the early 20th century, physicians
reputation increased. Ownership of hospitals changed from physician owned to church
related and government operated. In 1985, the emergency medical treatment and active
labor act was enacted to ensure that consumers were not refused emergency
treatment. Hospitalist, created in 1996 our providers who focus exclusively on the care
of patients when they are hospitalized. In 2000 to the joint commission required
hospitals to increase consumer awareness by requiring hospitals to inform patients if
their outcomes were not consistent with typical results. In 2007 the Institute for health
improvement launch the AAA team which focused on the three goals of patient
satisfaction, improving public health, and reducing healthcare costs. As of 2019, the
21st century cures act requires CMS to access penalties on hospitals if their
performance is not consistent with other hospitals that treat patients who are both
Medicaid and Medicare eligible.
Explain the milestones of the U.S. health insurance system - ANSWERDuring the 19th
century, the AMA was worried there any national health insurance would impact the
financial security of its providers. In 1929 a group hospital insurance plan was offered to
teachers at a hospital in Texas. This became the foundation of the nonprofit Blue Cross
plants. In 1935, the SSA was enacted; Social Security was considered "old age"
insurance. At the start of the 21st century, cost, access, and quality continue to be
issues for the US healthcare. The largest public coverage program is Medicare, which
covers 55 million people. In 2003, a consumer law, the Medicare prescription drug,
improvement, and modernization act, created a major overhaul of the Medicare system.
It created Medicare part D, a prescription drug plan that became effective in 2006. In
2009 there was a major public outcry at regional Townhall meeting supposing any type
of government universal healthcare coverage. The 2010 affordable care act required
individuals to purchase health insurance by 2014. In June 2018, a federal judge ruled is
Mandy unconstitutional, so this ruling could have an impact on the ACA overall.
Define life expectancy and infant mortality rate and discuss their importance -
ANSWER1) Life expectancy rates are an indication of the health of a designated
population; they calculated the average lifespan of an individual
2) Infant mortality rates are calculated by the number of deaths under one year of age
among live births per 1000 births within a year
**these rates speak to the type of health care that is provided or accessed at the
beginning and end of life/the health of a designated geographic area
