8/17/25, 10:48 PM Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 6
Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 6 complete study
guide,Exam prep and practice questions
Anatomy and function of the GI system
components; normal intestinal flora (p1285)
Know disorders of the GI
tract and accessory
organs of digestion;
pathophysiology,
etiology, prevention,
clinical manifestations,
diagnostics,
treatment, and complications (p1318)
Supporting structures: mesentery, peritoneum, and omentum.
The interior is lined with mucosa which sits in folds called
rugae when it is empty. (p1290)
What protects the stomach? gut microbiome (p1285)
(p1288)
Mucus forms a protective barrier against acid and
proteolytic enzymes which would damage the gastric
lining (p1293)
Caused by peptic ulcer disease, carcinoma, duodenal ulcers
Infantile: narrowing and distal obstruction of the pylorus and a
common cause of
Causes of pyloric stenosis vomiting after a meal (postprandial), most common
(p1326)
cause of intestinal obstruction in infancy. Unknown
etiology.
Bottle feeding, young maternal age, maternal
smoking, and erythromycin administration in
first 2 weeks of life are associated.
intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period caused by meconium
Know meconium ileus - formed in utero
what is it associated that is abnormally thick and sticky which leads to a
with (p1380) partial or complete obstruction at the level of the
terminal ileum.
Simple and complex
1/26
,8/17/25, 10:48 PM Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 6
Know intestinal Caused by any condition that prevents the normal flow
obstruction; of chyme through the intestinal lumen; in small or
pathophysiology, large intestines
etiology, prevention,
clinical manifestations,
diagnostics,
treatment and complications
(p1326)
Know bilirubin, what is it? byproduct of the destruction of aged red blood cells,
What is the bilirubin gives bile a greenish black color and yellow tinge of
cycle? (p1306) jaundice
abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous
system caused by resistance to blood flow. Normal
pressure is 3mmHg, portal HTN is at least 10mmHg.
Know portal HTN in adults Caused by disorders that obstruct or impede blood flow
and children; what causes through any component of the portal venous system
it and what happens or vena cava. Most common cause is fibrosis and
because of it; what other obstruction caused by cirrhosis of the liver.
structures are affected by
portal HTN (p1342) Long term causes problems that are difficult to treat and can be
fatal. Varices,
(p1394)
splenomegaly, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy,
hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS)
GI tract; lower esophagus and stomach, abdominal wall
known as caput medusae and rectum, spleen.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the reflux of acid
Know GERD in adults
and pepsin or bile salts from the stomach into the
and children;
esophagus, causing inflammation.
pathophysiology,
etiology, prevention,
Increasing age, obesity, hiatal hernia, drugs, chemicals.
clinical manifestations,
Trigger for asthma or chronic cough.
diagnostics,
treatment, complications
(p1324) (p1381)
2/26
, 8/17/25, 10:48 PM Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 6
consists mostly of water with varying amounts of mucus, sodium,
bicarbonate,
chloride, potassium, and salivary alpha amylase
(ptyalin; an enzyme that initiates carb digestion)
Saliva: what prevents
the composition depends on
tooth decay,
rate of secretion aldosterone
immunoglobulin
can increase epithelial
content (p1286)
exchange
also contains mucin, IgA and other
antimicrobial substances mucin
provides lubrication
exogenous fluoride provides protection against tooth decay.
inflammation of the liver
can lead to cirrhosis, cancer or death
Etiology: toxic substances and viral, infections and autoimmune
diseases
Hep A (fecal/oral); incubation is 28 days; children
Know hepatitis;
younger than 6 do not have symptoms (70%). N/V/D
pathophysiology, etiology,
clinical manifestations, Hep B (blood); risk factors are infants, immigrants,
diagnostics,
treatment, complications
(p1392) drugs or unprotected sex Hep C (from mother to
baby)
Hep D (can only occur if Hep B is present)
Chronic Hep (B and C are main causes); malaise,
anorexia, fever, GI bleeding, hepatomegaly, edema,
joint pain
3/26
Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 6 complete study
guide,Exam prep and practice questions
Anatomy and function of the GI system
components; normal intestinal flora (p1285)
Know disorders of the GI
tract and accessory
organs of digestion;
pathophysiology,
etiology, prevention,
clinical manifestations,
diagnostics,
treatment, and complications (p1318)
Supporting structures: mesentery, peritoneum, and omentum.
The interior is lined with mucosa which sits in folds called
rugae when it is empty. (p1290)
What protects the stomach? gut microbiome (p1285)
(p1288)
Mucus forms a protective barrier against acid and
proteolytic enzymes which would damage the gastric
lining (p1293)
Caused by peptic ulcer disease, carcinoma, duodenal ulcers
Infantile: narrowing and distal obstruction of the pylorus and a
common cause of
Causes of pyloric stenosis vomiting after a meal (postprandial), most common
(p1326)
cause of intestinal obstruction in infancy. Unknown
etiology.
Bottle feeding, young maternal age, maternal
smoking, and erythromycin administration in
first 2 weeks of life are associated.
intestinal obstruction in the neonatal period caused by meconium
Know meconium ileus - formed in utero
what is it associated that is abnormally thick and sticky which leads to a
with (p1380) partial or complete obstruction at the level of the
terminal ileum.
Simple and complex
1/26
,8/17/25, 10:48 PM Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 6
Know intestinal Caused by any condition that prevents the normal flow
obstruction; of chyme through the intestinal lumen; in small or
pathophysiology, large intestines
etiology, prevention,
clinical manifestations,
diagnostics,
treatment and complications
(p1326)
Know bilirubin, what is it? byproduct of the destruction of aged red blood cells,
What is the bilirubin gives bile a greenish black color and yellow tinge of
cycle? (p1306) jaundice
abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous
system caused by resistance to blood flow. Normal
pressure is 3mmHg, portal HTN is at least 10mmHg.
Know portal HTN in adults Caused by disorders that obstruct or impede blood flow
and children; what causes through any component of the portal venous system
it and what happens or vena cava. Most common cause is fibrosis and
because of it; what other obstruction caused by cirrhosis of the liver.
structures are affected by
portal HTN (p1342) Long term causes problems that are difficult to treat and can be
fatal. Varices,
(p1394)
splenomegaly, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy,
hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS)
GI tract; lower esophagus and stomach, abdominal wall
known as caput medusae and rectum, spleen.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the reflux of acid
Know GERD in adults
and pepsin or bile salts from the stomach into the
and children;
esophagus, causing inflammation.
pathophysiology,
etiology, prevention,
Increasing age, obesity, hiatal hernia, drugs, chemicals.
clinical manifestations,
Trigger for asthma or chronic cough.
diagnostics,
treatment, complications
(p1324) (p1381)
2/26
, 8/17/25, 10:48 PM Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 6
consists mostly of water with varying amounts of mucus, sodium,
bicarbonate,
chloride, potassium, and salivary alpha amylase
(ptyalin; an enzyme that initiates carb digestion)
Saliva: what prevents
the composition depends on
tooth decay,
rate of secretion aldosterone
immunoglobulin
can increase epithelial
content (p1286)
exchange
also contains mucin, IgA and other
antimicrobial substances mucin
provides lubrication
exogenous fluoride provides protection against tooth decay.
inflammation of the liver
can lead to cirrhosis, cancer or death
Etiology: toxic substances and viral, infections and autoimmune
diseases
Hep A (fecal/oral); incubation is 28 days; children
Know hepatitis;
younger than 6 do not have symptoms (70%). N/V/D
pathophysiology, etiology,
clinical manifestations, Hep B (blood); risk factors are infants, immigrants,
diagnostics,
treatment, complications
(p1392) drugs or unprotected sex Hep C (from mother to
baby)
Hep D (can only occur if Hep B is present)
Chronic Hep (B and C are main causes); malaise,
anorexia, fever, GI bleeding, hepatomegaly, edema,
joint pain
3/26
