AP BIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER FINAL
EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen rr rr rr
What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to wate
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
r? - ans-all properties related to hydrogen bonding
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Why does ice float in liquid water - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water mole
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
cules of liquid water. rr rr rr
What makes a substance hydrophobic? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr
It has a large area that is nonpolar, hence no attraction to water
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
elements than any other type of atom? - ans-is able to form 4 single bonds
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the ultimate source of carbon that is found in organic molecules? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
The ultimate source of all organic molecules is primary production, in which photosyntheti
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
c organisms take in carbon dioxide gas (or bicarbonate - CO2's water-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
dissolved form) and, using sunlight as an energy source, convert it into glucose.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
The element nitrogen is present in what types of organic molecules? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
proteins and nucleic acids rr rr rr
What are polysaccharides made of? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
How is the synthesis of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins similar? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
They are all synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha glycosidic linkages of starch but not t
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
he beta glycosidic linkages of cellulose
rr rr rr rr rr
Why do the 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and p
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
hysical properties? - ans-different side chains (R groups)
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
, What would be a consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
the biological activity or function, the primary structure of the protein, and the tertiary struc
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ture of the protein might be changed
rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the term used for a change in a protein's three-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
dimensional shape or conformation? - ans-denaturation rr rr rr rr rr
What are the components of a nucleotide? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base rr rr rr rr
What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the difference between the 5' end vs. 3' end of a polynucleotide strand? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
A key feature of all nucleic acids is that they have two distinctive ends: the 5' (5-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
prime) and 3' (3- rr rr rr
prime) ends. This terminology refers to the 5' and 3' carbons on the sugar. For both DNA (
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
shown above) and RNA, the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the difference between a saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are liqui
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
d at room temperature. This is because saturated fats have no double bond between mol
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ecules, which means there are no gaps and the fat is saturated with hydrogen molecules.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
On the other hand, unsaturated fats have double bonds, which break up the chain of hydr
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ogen molecules and create gaps, allowing the fats to liquefy at room temperature. Unsatu
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
rated is better for you rr rr rr rr
What cell parts differ between a prokaryotic cell vs. a eukaryotic cell? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane- rr rr rr
bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellul
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ar structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chlo
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
roplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing what type of
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
molecules? - ans-proteins rr rr
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
- ans-
rr rr
Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes is called rough ER. The attached riboso
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
mes make proteins that will be used inside the cell and proteins made for export out of the
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr r
cell. There are also ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope.
r rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is probably the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane syste
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
m? - ans-rough ER -> vesicles -> Golgi -> plasma membrane
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen rr rr rr
What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to wate
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
r? - ans-all properties related to hydrogen bonding
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Why does ice float in liquid water - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water mole
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
cules of liquid water. rr rr rr
What makes a substance hydrophobic? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr
It has a large area that is nonpolar, hence no attraction to water
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
elements than any other type of atom? - ans-is able to form 4 single bonds
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the ultimate source of carbon that is found in organic molecules? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
The ultimate source of all organic molecules is primary production, in which photosyntheti
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
c organisms take in carbon dioxide gas (or bicarbonate - CO2's water-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
dissolved form) and, using sunlight as an energy source, convert it into glucose.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
The element nitrogen is present in what types of organic molecules? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
proteins and nucleic acids rr rr rr
What are polysaccharides made of? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
How is the synthesis of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins similar? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
They are all synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha glycosidic linkages of starch but not t
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
he beta glycosidic linkages of cellulose
rr rr rr rr rr
Why do the 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and p
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
hysical properties? - ans-different side chains (R groups)
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
, What would be a consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
the biological activity or function, the primary structure of the protein, and the tertiary struc
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ture of the protein might be changed
rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the term used for a change in a protein's three-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
dimensional shape or conformation? - ans-denaturation rr rr rr rr rr
What are the components of a nucleotide? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base rr rr rr rr
What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the difference between the 5' end vs. 3' end of a polynucleotide strand? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
A key feature of all nucleic acids is that they have two distinctive ends: the 5' (5-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
prime) and 3' (3- rr rr rr
prime) ends. This terminology refers to the 5' and 3' carbons on the sugar. For both DNA (
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
shown above) and RNA, the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is the difference between a saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are liqui
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
d at room temperature. This is because saturated fats have no double bond between mol
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ecules, which means there are no gaps and the fat is saturated with hydrogen molecules.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
On the other hand, unsaturated fats have double bonds, which break up the chain of hydr
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ogen molecules and create gaps, allowing the fats to liquefy at room temperature. Unsatu
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
rated is better for you rr rr rr rr
What cell parts differ between a prokaryotic cell vs. a eukaryotic cell? - ans-
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane- rr rr rr
bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellul
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
ar structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chlo
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
roplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing what type of
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
molecules? - ans-proteins rr rr
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
- ans-
rr rr
Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes is called rough ER. The attached riboso
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
mes make proteins that will be used inside the cell and proteins made for export out of the
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr r
cell. There are also ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope.
r rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
What is probably the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane syste
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
m? - ans-rough ER -> vesicles -> Golgi -> plasma membrane
rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr rr
