Brain and Cognition PSYC130 Lecture 4
16.10.18
Short-Term Memory
Two memory system:
1. Neuropsychology SCOVILLE + MILNER
- HM- patient suffering epilepsy had surgery of
ablation of his right and left temporal lobes and
he was functional but couldn’t learn new
memories- nothing new could be stored.
2. Neurobiology- KANDEL
- Long and short term memory use different
biological mechanisms.
MURDOCK 1962
- Used free recall task Ps list of 10, 20, 30, 40 etc, presented for either 1 or 2
seconds then immediate recall. Found a serial recall curve with primary recency
effect. (PAPER WE READ FOR SEMIANRS)
POSTMAN + PHILLIPS 1965
- Free recall list of 10,20 30 no
retention interval, or recalled after
delay of 15, 30 filled with counting
task. Presence of retention interval
led to elimination of recency effect.
This led to them believing that
there are two stores, one for the
primary and one for the recency.
WAUGH + NORMAN 1965
- Ps shown list of digits and given a
probe, results led to first cognitive
architecture of memory. Short term
is constantly rehearsed, if repeated
long enough, then goes into long
term, if not, forgotten.
ATKINSON + SHIFFREN 1968
- Modal Model – most influential model in memory and psychology- input is
received, leads to generating cognitive process, then behaviour is produced as an
output.
- “architecture” is way system is organised
, - Sensory register goes to short term store for processing. The control processes
make sure what is in your head is what you know (making sure you’re informed)
then you execute an action.
- Memory is mostly a question of attention.
- Sensory Register:
Short term stores for information in specific format. Keeps trace of sensations until
the information is forwarded to the short term store, most information is discarded.
Hold modality-specific information for a few hundred milliseconds
– One store for visual information (iconic memory)
– One store for auditory information (echoic memory)
This information is not accessible to consciousness
The memory capacity of the sensory registers is large
- Long term store:
Holds information that has been acquired through learning, information is stored
permanently, capacity is said to be infinite (NOT TRUE) and insensitive to
interferences (but psychologists have inputted false memories to people)
- Short term store:
Holds and processes information in all modalities, organises info to produce
behaviour which is sensitive to interference. Forgetting is likely if no rehearsal,
items must be constantly rehearsed. Can also be called primary, immediate,
working memory.
- Control Processes:
Filters the amount of information coming from sensory registers and how much
info is retrieved. Select the type of cognitive operations that are applied to
information held in short term store
Incorrect Assumptions of the Model:
16.10.18
Short-Term Memory
Two memory system:
1. Neuropsychology SCOVILLE + MILNER
- HM- patient suffering epilepsy had surgery of
ablation of his right and left temporal lobes and
he was functional but couldn’t learn new
memories- nothing new could be stored.
2. Neurobiology- KANDEL
- Long and short term memory use different
biological mechanisms.
MURDOCK 1962
- Used free recall task Ps list of 10, 20, 30, 40 etc, presented for either 1 or 2
seconds then immediate recall. Found a serial recall curve with primary recency
effect. (PAPER WE READ FOR SEMIANRS)
POSTMAN + PHILLIPS 1965
- Free recall list of 10,20 30 no
retention interval, or recalled after
delay of 15, 30 filled with counting
task. Presence of retention interval
led to elimination of recency effect.
This led to them believing that
there are two stores, one for the
primary and one for the recency.
WAUGH + NORMAN 1965
- Ps shown list of digits and given a
probe, results led to first cognitive
architecture of memory. Short term
is constantly rehearsed, if repeated
long enough, then goes into long
term, if not, forgotten.
ATKINSON + SHIFFREN 1968
- Modal Model – most influential model in memory and psychology- input is
received, leads to generating cognitive process, then behaviour is produced as an
output.
- “architecture” is way system is organised
, - Sensory register goes to short term store for processing. The control processes
make sure what is in your head is what you know (making sure you’re informed)
then you execute an action.
- Memory is mostly a question of attention.
- Sensory Register:
Short term stores for information in specific format. Keeps trace of sensations until
the information is forwarded to the short term store, most information is discarded.
Hold modality-specific information for a few hundred milliseconds
– One store for visual information (iconic memory)
– One store for auditory information (echoic memory)
This information is not accessible to consciousness
The memory capacity of the sensory registers is large
- Long term store:
Holds information that has been acquired through learning, information is stored
permanently, capacity is said to be infinite (NOT TRUE) and insensitive to
interferences (but psychologists have inputted false memories to people)
- Short term store:
Holds and processes information in all modalities, organises info to produce
behaviour which is sensitive to interference. Forgetting is likely if no rehearsal,
items must be constantly rehearsed. Can also be called primary, immediate,
working memory.
- Control Processes:
Filters the amount of information coming from sensory registers and how much
info is retrieved. Select the type of cognitive operations that are applied to
information held in short term store
Incorrect Assumptions of the Model:
