IvyTech APHY 102 Midterm Exam
Complete
active immunity - -A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own
antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
-At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body? - -
-Autocrine glands - -affect only the secreting cell
-clinical conditions related to endocrine disorders - -Diabetes
-Compare an antigen to an antibody. - -Antigens are substances that provoke an
immune response (they're the ultimate target for the immune system). Antibodies
are simply proteins that are secreted as a result of the antigen provoked immune
response. In short, antigens cause the disease and antibodies cure it.
-Compare and contrast innate barriers versus adaptive immunity. - -
-Compare and contrast primary versus secondary immune responses. - -
-Compare and contrast pulmonary, coronary, and systemic circulation. - -
-Compare the formed elements of the blood. - -RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
-Describe a lymphatic vessel. - -Fine, thin-walled, transparent valved channels
distributed through most tissues. They have 3 walls: intima, media, and adventitia.
-Describe an EKG - -A recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart that
the production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces.
-Describe differences between T cells and B cells. - ---B cells are most effective in
fighting bacteria. Major function is to produce antibody.
--T cells are a type of white blood cell that is of key importance to the immune
system and is at the core of adaptive immunity
-Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - -They are amino
acid, peptides & protein hormones;produce their effect on target tissues by binding
to the receptors.
-Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - -a steroid that acts as
a hormone;diffuse through the cell membrane of the target cell.
-Describe the components of blood. - -plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
, -Describe the different glands associated with the lymphatic system. What are their
functions? - -
-Describe the layers of the heart and pericardium. - -The outer layer of the heart is
the fibrous pericardium (also the epicardium). The inner layer of the pericardium is
the visceral pericardium (it lies against the heart). And the outer layer of the
pericardium is the parietal pericardium which lies against the wall of the pericardial
cavity.
The heart has three layers as well. The innermost layer is the endocardium, the
middle layer is the myocardium, and the outermost layer is the epicardium (also the
fibrous pericardium).
-Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart. - -
-Describe the pathway of lymph. - -Lymph flows through the body into lymphatic
capillaries which carry them to lymphatic vessels. From there, lymph flows into
lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatic vessel and is cleaned before returning to
circulation via the efferent lymphatic vessel. Lymph then flows into the lymphatic
trunk and then the collecting duct before returning to normal body circulation.
-Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system. - -
-Describe the roles of IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM. - -IgG- is in plasma and tissue
fluids and is effective against bacteria, virsuses, and toxins and it activates
complement proteins.
IgA- is in breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, intestinal juice, and urine and it
is an exocrine gland secretion.
IgM- is a type of antibody produced in plasma in response to contact with certain
antigens in foods or bacteria.
IgD- is on the surfaces of most B cells and acts as an antigen receptor and is
important in activating B cells.
IgE- appears in exocrine secretions with IgA. It is associated with allergic reactions.
-Describe the steps in clot formation. - -Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
-Describe the thymus and its role in immunity. - -The thymus is a soft, bi-lobed
gland enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. It is the place where T cells mature.
-Describe tropic hormones. - -stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
-Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial systole/ventricular diastole - -
-Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial systole/ventricular systole - -
Complete
active immunity - -A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own
antibodies against disease-causing antigens.
-At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body? - -
-Autocrine glands - -affect only the secreting cell
-clinical conditions related to endocrine disorders - -Diabetes
-Compare an antigen to an antibody. - -Antigens are substances that provoke an
immune response (they're the ultimate target for the immune system). Antibodies
are simply proteins that are secreted as a result of the antigen provoked immune
response. In short, antigens cause the disease and antibodies cure it.
-Compare and contrast innate barriers versus adaptive immunity. - -
-Compare and contrast primary versus secondary immune responses. - -
-Compare and contrast pulmonary, coronary, and systemic circulation. - -
-Compare the formed elements of the blood. - -RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
-Describe a lymphatic vessel. - -Fine, thin-walled, transparent valved channels
distributed through most tissues. They have 3 walls: intima, media, and adventitia.
-Describe an EKG - -A recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart that
the production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces.
-Describe differences between T cells and B cells. - ---B cells are most effective in
fighting bacteria. Major function is to produce antibody.
--T cells are a type of white blood cell that is of key importance to the immune
system and is at the core of adaptive immunity
-Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - -They are amino
acid, peptides & protein hormones;produce their effect on target tissues by binding
to the receptors.
-Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - -a steroid that acts as
a hormone;diffuse through the cell membrane of the target cell.
-Describe the components of blood. - -plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
, -Describe the different glands associated with the lymphatic system. What are their
functions? - -
-Describe the layers of the heart and pericardium. - -The outer layer of the heart is
the fibrous pericardium (also the epicardium). The inner layer of the pericardium is
the visceral pericardium (it lies against the heart). And the outer layer of the
pericardium is the parietal pericardium which lies against the wall of the pericardial
cavity.
The heart has three layers as well. The innermost layer is the endocardium, the
middle layer is the myocardium, and the outermost layer is the epicardium (also the
fibrous pericardium).
-Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart. - -
-Describe the pathway of lymph. - -Lymph flows through the body into lymphatic
capillaries which carry them to lymphatic vessels. From there, lymph flows into
lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatic vessel and is cleaned before returning to
circulation via the efferent lymphatic vessel. Lymph then flows into the lymphatic
trunk and then the collecting duct before returning to normal body circulation.
-Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system. - -
-Describe the roles of IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM. - -IgG- is in plasma and tissue
fluids and is effective against bacteria, virsuses, and toxins and it activates
complement proteins.
IgA- is in breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, gastric juice, intestinal juice, and urine and it
is an exocrine gland secretion.
IgM- is a type of antibody produced in plasma in response to contact with certain
antigens in foods or bacteria.
IgD- is on the surfaces of most B cells and acts as an antigen receptor and is
important in activating B cells.
IgE- appears in exocrine secretions with IgA. It is associated with allergic reactions.
-Describe the steps in clot formation. - -Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
-Describe the thymus and its role in immunity. - -The thymus is a soft, bi-lobed
gland enclosed in a connective tissue capsule. It is the place where T cells mature.
-Describe tropic hormones. - -stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
-Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial systole/ventricular diastole - -
-Describe what is happening in the heart during atrial systole/ventricular systole - -
