HKIN 191 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
Three major functions of ventilatory system - Answer -1.Supply O2 required in
metabolism
2.Eliminate CO2 produced in metabolism
3.Regulate hydrogen ion concentration [H+] to maintain
acid-base balance
conducting zone - Answer --Conducts air to respiratory zone
-Humidifies, warms, and filters air
Respiratory zone - Answer --Exchange of gases between air and blood
Hemoglobin - Answer -Hemoglobin molecule consists of globin composed of four
subunit polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide contains single heme group with its single
iron atom acting as an oxygen "magnet"
Myoglobin - Answer -Shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria
Sympathetic nerve fibers - Answer -mediate excitation.
Parasympathetic activation - Answer -inhibits excitation.
Motor unit - Answer -a motor nerve and any muscle fibers it innervates.
Slow oxidative fibers - Answer -highly aerobic, don't fatigue easily, don't generate as
much force
Fast glycolytic fibers - Answer -rely on glycolysis
Respond to strength training very well
(sprinters)
Fast oxidative glycolytic fiber - Answer -doesn't fatigue and it is pretty powerful
Depending on how you train, they behave more like slow twitch or fast glycolytic.
Change depending on what you are doing
Isometric - Answer --Muscle exerts force without changing length
-Pulling against immovable object
-Postural muscles
Concentric - Answer -Muscle shortens during force production
Eccentric - Answer -Muscle produces force but length increases
Absolute Strength - Answer -Maximal force exerted by the muscle with no regard for
body weight
, Relative strength - Answer -force exerted in relation to one's body weight
Hypertrophy - Answer -An increase in muscle size
Neural factors - Answer -Co-ordination of motor units
Muscle spindle - Answer --Changes in muscle length
-Rate of change in muscle length
-Intra-fusal fiber contains actin & myosin, and therefore has the ability to shorten
-Gamma motor neuron stimulate muscle spindle to shorten
Stretch reflex - Answer -Stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction
Tidal Volume - Answer -Air moved during inspiratory or expiratory phase of breathing
cycle; between 0.4 to 1.0 L
of air per breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - Answer -2.5 to 3.5 L above TV; serves as
inhalation reserve
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): - Answer -After normal exhalation, additional
volume exhaled; 1.0 to 1.5 L for men, 10 to 20% lower for women
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) - Answer -Total air volume
moved in 1-breath from full inspiration to max expiration; varies with body size and body
position when measuring
Residual Lung Volume (RLV) - Answer -Following max exhalation, air volume that
cannot be exhaled; 1.2 to 1.6 L
for men, 1.0 to 1.2 L for women
First step in O2 transport involves - Answer -transfer of O2 from alveoli into blood
Three factors account for dilution of O2 in inspired air as it passes into alveolar
chambers - Answer -1.Water vapor saturates relatively dry inspired air
2.O2 continually leaves alveolar air
3.CO2 continually enters alveolar air
Body Volume - Answer -the amount of space that a body takes up, can be measured
through hydrodensitometry or displacement.
Body Density - Answer -The weight of molecules present in a certain volume.
D= Mass (kg)/Volume (m^3)
Three major functions of ventilatory system - Answer -1.Supply O2 required in
metabolism
2.Eliminate CO2 produced in metabolism
3.Regulate hydrogen ion concentration [H+] to maintain
acid-base balance
conducting zone - Answer --Conducts air to respiratory zone
-Humidifies, warms, and filters air
Respiratory zone - Answer --Exchange of gases between air and blood
Hemoglobin - Answer -Hemoglobin molecule consists of globin composed of four
subunit polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide contains single heme group with its single
iron atom acting as an oxygen "magnet"
Myoglobin - Answer -Shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria
Sympathetic nerve fibers - Answer -mediate excitation.
Parasympathetic activation - Answer -inhibits excitation.
Motor unit - Answer -a motor nerve and any muscle fibers it innervates.
Slow oxidative fibers - Answer -highly aerobic, don't fatigue easily, don't generate as
much force
Fast glycolytic fibers - Answer -rely on glycolysis
Respond to strength training very well
(sprinters)
Fast oxidative glycolytic fiber - Answer -doesn't fatigue and it is pretty powerful
Depending on how you train, they behave more like slow twitch or fast glycolytic.
Change depending on what you are doing
Isometric - Answer --Muscle exerts force without changing length
-Pulling against immovable object
-Postural muscles
Concentric - Answer -Muscle shortens during force production
Eccentric - Answer -Muscle produces force but length increases
Absolute Strength - Answer -Maximal force exerted by the muscle with no regard for
body weight
, Relative strength - Answer -force exerted in relation to one's body weight
Hypertrophy - Answer -An increase in muscle size
Neural factors - Answer -Co-ordination of motor units
Muscle spindle - Answer --Changes in muscle length
-Rate of change in muscle length
-Intra-fusal fiber contains actin & myosin, and therefore has the ability to shorten
-Gamma motor neuron stimulate muscle spindle to shorten
Stretch reflex - Answer -Stretch on muscle causes reflex contraction
Tidal Volume - Answer -Air moved during inspiratory or expiratory phase of breathing
cycle; between 0.4 to 1.0 L
of air per breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - Answer -2.5 to 3.5 L above TV; serves as
inhalation reserve
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): - Answer -After normal exhalation, additional
volume exhaled; 1.0 to 1.5 L for men, 10 to 20% lower for women
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) - Answer -Total air volume
moved in 1-breath from full inspiration to max expiration; varies with body size and body
position when measuring
Residual Lung Volume (RLV) - Answer -Following max exhalation, air volume that
cannot be exhaled; 1.2 to 1.6 L
for men, 1.0 to 1.2 L for women
First step in O2 transport involves - Answer -transfer of O2 from alveoli into blood
Three factors account for dilution of O2 in inspired air as it passes into alveolar
chambers - Answer -1.Water vapor saturates relatively dry inspired air
2.O2 continually leaves alveolar air
3.CO2 continually enters alveolar air
Body Volume - Answer -the amount of space that a body takes up, can be measured
through hydrodensitometry or displacement.
Body Density - Answer -The weight of molecules present in a certain volume.
D= Mass (kg)/Volume (m^3)
