Science Praxis 5005 Earth Science
The major layers of earth - answer crust, mantle, inner core, and outer core
Earth's crust - answer earth’s outermost layer of rock made up of both dry land and
ocean floor
Mantle - answer The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.
inner core - answerA dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth
outer core - answerthe liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and
surrounds the inner core
plate tectonics - answerA theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that
move.
sedimentary rock - answerSedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells,
pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called
sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time
hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or
crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually
the only type that contains fossils.
Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone.
metamorphic rock - answerMetamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the
earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure
(squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbonlike layers
and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their
surface.
Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble.
igneous rock - answerIgneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within
the earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other
times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called lava). When
lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny and glasslike.
Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny
holes and spaces in the rock.
Examples of this rock type include basalt and obsidian.
, How soil is formed - answerSoil is the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface
and is formed from the weathering of rocks.
Soil is formed slowly as rock erodes into tiny pieces near the Earth's surface. Organic
matter decays and mixes with inorganic material to form soil.
Minerals - answerA mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally
crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes. Examples
include quartz, feldspar minerals, calcite, sulfur and the clay minerals such as kaolinite
and smectite.
Oceans - answerOceans, the largest bodies of water, cover more than two-thirds of the
Earth's surface. An ocean is a vast body of salt water that surrounds a continent.
Sea - answerA sea is also a body of salt water, partly or completely surrounded by land,
and often connected to the ocean. Seas are generally smaller than oceans.
River - answerA river is a large, flowing body of water that empties into a sea or an
ocean. Streams, creeks, and brooks are smaller tributaries of a river.
Lake - answerA lake is a large body of water that is surrounded on all sides by land.
Lakes are generally larger and deeper than ponds.
Pond - answerA pond is also surrounded on all sides by land and is typically smaller
than a lake. Many lakes and ponds are human-made.
Lagoon - answerA lagoon is a shallow body of salt or brackish water along a coastal
area. It is usually separated from the deeper sea by a shallow or exposed barrier beach
area.
Cove - answerA cove is a small circular or oval inlet along a coastal area, often with a
protected entrance. The water is partly enclosed by land formed by soft rock.
Fjord - answerA fjord is a sea inlet characterized by long, narrow cliffs bordering it on
either side.
Channel - answerA channel is a body of water that connects two larger bodies of water
and is often used for transportation and navigational purposes.
Bay - answerA bay is a body of water partly enclosed by land and typically smaller than
a gulf. Bays generally have calmer waters than the surrounding sea areas because they
are protected by the land.
Mineral makeup of seawater - answer(in order from greatest quantity to smallest
quantity) Chloride, Sodium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Calcium, Potassium, Bromine,
Carbon(inorganic), Strontium, Boron, Silicon, Carbon (organic), Aluminum, Fluorine, N
The major layers of earth - answer crust, mantle, inner core, and outer core
Earth's crust - answer earth’s outermost layer of rock made up of both dry land and
ocean floor
Mantle - answer The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.
inner core - answerA dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth
outer core - answerthe liquid layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the mantle and
surrounds the inner core
plate tectonics - answerA theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that
move.
sedimentary rock - answerSedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells,
pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called
sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time
hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or
crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually
the only type that contains fossils.
Examples of this rock type include conglomerate and limestone.
metamorphic rock - answerMetamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the
earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure
(squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbonlike layers
and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their
surface.
Examples of this rock type include gneiss and marble.
igneous rock - answerIgneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock deep within
the earth) cools and hardens. Sometimes the magma cools inside the earth, and other
times it erupts onto the surface from volcanoes (in this case, it is called lava). When
lava cools very quickly, no crystals form and the rock looks shiny and glasslike.
Sometimes gas bubbles are trapped in the rock during the cooling process, leaving tiny
holes and spaces in the rock.
Examples of this rock type include basalt and obsidian.
, How soil is formed - answerSoil is the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface
and is formed from the weathering of rocks.
Soil is formed slowly as rock erodes into tiny pieces near the Earth's surface. Organic
matter decays and mixes with inorganic material to form soil.
Minerals - answerA mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally
crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes. Examples
include quartz, feldspar minerals, calcite, sulfur and the clay minerals such as kaolinite
and smectite.
Oceans - answerOceans, the largest bodies of water, cover more than two-thirds of the
Earth's surface. An ocean is a vast body of salt water that surrounds a continent.
Sea - answerA sea is also a body of salt water, partly or completely surrounded by land,
and often connected to the ocean. Seas are generally smaller than oceans.
River - answerA river is a large, flowing body of water that empties into a sea or an
ocean. Streams, creeks, and brooks are smaller tributaries of a river.
Lake - answerA lake is a large body of water that is surrounded on all sides by land.
Lakes are generally larger and deeper than ponds.
Pond - answerA pond is also surrounded on all sides by land and is typically smaller
than a lake. Many lakes and ponds are human-made.
Lagoon - answerA lagoon is a shallow body of salt or brackish water along a coastal
area. It is usually separated from the deeper sea by a shallow or exposed barrier beach
area.
Cove - answerA cove is a small circular or oval inlet along a coastal area, often with a
protected entrance. The water is partly enclosed by land formed by soft rock.
Fjord - answerA fjord is a sea inlet characterized by long, narrow cliffs bordering it on
either side.
Channel - answerA channel is a body of water that connects two larger bodies of water
and is often used for transportation and navigational purposes.
Bay - answerA bay is a body of water partly enclosed by land and typically smaller than
a gulf. Bays generally have calmer waters than the surrounding sea areas because they
are protected by the land.
Mineral makeup of seawater - answer(in order from greatest quantity to smallest
quantity) Chloride, Sodium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Calcium, Potassium, Bromine,
Carbon(inorganic), Strontium, Boron, Silicon, Carbon (organic), Aluminum, Fluorine, N
