Praxis 5005 (Science) Kathleen Jasper
Purple Book Notes and Information
Mantle - answer Is not liquid, but ductile or plastic, which means that some parts can
flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure.
Composed mainly of aluminum and silicates
Crust - answer The outermost solid layer of earth. It is the lithosphere.
Core - answer The innermost layers of the Earth. Mainly composed of nickel and iron
Inner Core - answer Solid. Temperatures and pressures are extreme.
Outer Core - answerA layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere. The only
layer of Earth that is a true liquid
What is the outer core made up of? - answerNickel and iron
Lithosphere - answerThe outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth. Includes
the crust, and the top of the mantle
Biosphere - answerThe global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms
Atmosphere - answerThe layer of gases that surround the planet
Troposphere - answerThe lowest layer of the atmosphere. Contains weather.
Hydrosphere - answerAll the water on earth
Cryosphere - answerThe masses of frozen water
What percentage of Nitrogen makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answer78%
What percentage of Oxygen makes up the earth's atmosphere? - answer21%
What percentage of Argon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answer.09%
What percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answer.01%
What percentage of Helium and neon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answerSmall
traces
, Geologic formations are formation made from what? - answerRocks
Mountains - answerFormed as a result of Earth's tectonic plates smashing together
Volcanoes - answerFormed when magma from within Earth's upper mantle erupts
through the surface
Canyons - answerFormed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of
rivers. Also formed by tectonic activity.
Earthquakes - answerUsually caused when plates rub against each other in the
opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden
release of energy causes seismic waves to make the ground shake
Ring of Fire - answerA ring of volcanoes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Seismic Waves - answerAn elastic wave caused by an earthquake
Primary (P waves) - answerThese are the fastest of the three types of seismic waves
and can travel through solid, liquid, and gases
Secondary (S waves) - answerTravel through the Earth's interior at about half the speed
of primary waves. Can travel through rocks, but not liquids or gases
Surface Waves - answerSeismic waves that move along Earth's surface, not through its
interior. Slowest of the three types of seismic waves
Tsunamis - answerGiant waves caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruptions under
the sea
Plate Tectonics - answerThe theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates
that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates move and
separate, causing earth to separate and change
Divergent - answerPulling apart
Convergent - answerComing together
Subduction - answerSideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the
mantle beneath another plate
Soil - answerA mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many organisms
that together support the life on Earth
Purple Book Notes and Information
Mantle - answer Is not liquid, but ductile or plastic, which means that some parts can
flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure.
Composed mainly of aluminum and silicates
Crust - answer The outermost solid layer of earth. It is the lithosphere.
Core - answer The innermost layers of the Earth. Mainly composed of nickel and iron
Inner Core - answer Solid. Temperatures and pressures are extreme.
Outer Core - answerA layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere. The only
layer of Earth that is a true liquid
What is the outer core made up of? - answerNickel and iron
Lithosphere - answerThe outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth. Includes
the crust, and the top of the mantle
Biosphere - answerThe global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms
Atmosphere - answerThe layer of gases that surround the planet
Troposphere - answerThe lowest layer of the atmosphere. Contains weather.
Hydrosphere - answerAll the water on earth
Cryosphere - answerThe masses of frozen water
What percentage of Nitrogen makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answer78%
What percentage of Oxygen makes up the earth's atmosphere? - answer21%
What percentage of Argon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answer.09%
What percentage of carbon dioxide makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answer.01%
What percentage of Helium and neon makes up the Earth's atmosphere? - answerSmall
traces
, Geologic formations are formation made from what? - answerRocks
Mountains - answerFormed as a result of Earth's tectonic plates smashing together
Volcanoes - answerFormed when magma from within Earth's upper mantle erupts
through the surface
Canyons - answerFormed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of
rivers. Also formed by tectonic activity.
Earthquakes - answerUsually caused when plates rub against each other in the
opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden
release of energy causes seismic waves to make the ground shake
Ring of Fire - answerA ring of volcanoes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Seismic Waves - answerAn elastic wave caused by an earthquake
Primary (P waves) - answerThese are the fastest of the three types of seismic waves
and can travel through solid, liquid, and gases
Secondary (S waves) - answerTravel through the Earth's interior at about half the speed
of primary waves. Can travel through rocks, but not liquids or gases
Surface Waves - answerSeismic waves that move along Earth's surface, not through its
interior. Slowest of the three types of seismic waves
Tsunamis - answerGiant waves caused by an earthquake or volcanic eruptions under
the sea
Plate Tectonics - answerThe theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates
that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates move and
separate, causing earth to separate and change
Divergent - answerPulling apart
Convergent - answerComing together
Subduction - answerSideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the
mantle beneath another plate
Soil - answerA mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many organisms
that together support the life on Earth
