Praxis 5001 Subtest Praxis 5005 -
Science
Leeuwenhoek - answer First person to observe single celled organisms using
homemade magnifying glasses.
Linnaeus - answer Method to classify plants and animals; helpful for studying large
amounts of data
Darwinism - answer Theory of evolution based on studying species of birds
Mendel - answer Experiments with pea plants to observe the occurrence of inherited
traits, two laws
McClintock - answer First genetic map; demonstrated basic genetic principles
Watson and Crick - answerStructure of DNA; helped explain how DNA replicates
Mineral - answerNaturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition
and orderly internal crystal structure.
Polymorph - answer2 minerals with the same chemical composition, but a different
crystal structure
3 types of rocks - answerSedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
geology (n) - answerThe study of planet Earth as it pertains to the composition,
structure, and origin of its rocks.
Petrology - answerThe study of rocks
Mineralogy - answerThe study of minerals
sedimentary rock characteristics - answerFormed by lithification
Formed in layers
May contain organic remains (fossils)
3 kinds: Detrital, biogenic, chemical
Igneous rock characteristics - answerFormed from magma
Intrusive: solidifies at a depth, cools slowly, and has a coarse grain (ex: granite)
Extrusive: solidifies at or near the surface, cools quickly, fine grain (ex: basalt)
Hypabyssal: formed at medium depths
,metamorphic rock characteristics - answerFoliation: layering, occurs when rock is
compressed along one axis during recrystallization (ex: schist and shale)
Unfoliated: rocks are compressed equally from all sides or lack specific minerals
(marble)
Plate tectonic movements - answerDivergent- pulling away from each other, magma
comes from the earth
Convergent- one plate goes under another and mountains can form
Transform- horizontal, can produce earthquakes
Volcanoes can occur on any plate boundary
8 Biomes - answerTundra and taiga- cold
Grassland, temperate forest, and chaparral-changing seasons
Desert and tropical rain forest- warm all the time
Ocean
Precipitation - answerCondensed water vapor falls to Earth
Canopy Interception - answerPrecipitation lands on plant foliage instead of falling to the
ground and evaporating
Snowmelt - answerRunoff produced by melting snow
Infiltration - answerDownward movement of water through soil.
Subsurface flow - answerWater that travels underground
Evaporation - answerThe change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
Sublimination - answerWater in a solid state changes to water vapor without going to a
liquid phase
Advection - answerMovement of water through the atmosphere
Condensation - answerThe change of state from a gas to a liquid
Transpiration - answerEvaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
Layers of earths atmosphere - answerTroposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Phases of the Moon - answerNew moon: moon is not illuminated
,Waxing Crescent moon: Tiny sliver
1st quarter: (half moon)
Gibbous: football shaped
Full moon: completely lit up
Waning Gibbous: football shaped
3rd quarter: (half moon)
Waning Crescent: small sliver
Eukaryotic cells - answerHave a nucleus, more complex, have membrane bound
organelles, DNA is in the chromosomes in the nucleus, divide by mitosis and are
diploid.
Prokaryotic cells - answerBacteria; has NO true nucleus or membrane bound
organelles, DNA is in the cytoplasm in the nucleoid, divide by binary fission, are haploid
Similarities of plant and animal cells - answerEukaryotic
Have nucleus
Reproduction
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Microtubules
Vacuoules
Differences of plant and animal cells - answerPlant cell: cell wall, chloroplasts, regular
shape, cell plates, larger
Animal cell: no cell wall, mitochondria, many shapes, small, pinch in half
Law of Segregation- Mendel - answerTwo alleles and that half of the total number of
alleles are contributed by each parent organism
Mitosis - answerEukaryotic cell splits into two separate, but completely identical cells- 5
phases
Phases of Mitosis - answerInterphase: replicate the genetic and cytoplasmic material
Prophase: chromatin thickens, centrioles move to opposite sides of cell, form spindle
fibers
Metaphase: spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align
Anaphase: begin to pull apart and may bend
Telophase: either pinched or cell wall forms as it prepares to split
Cytokinesis: the actual splitting into 2 cells
Meiosis - answerMore complex, results in 4 cells rather than 2, stages happen twice,
encouraged genetic diversity
Meiosis I - answerInterphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, trlophase, telophase,
cytokinesis- 4 chromatids are formed
, Meiosis II - answer2nd round of phases, producing daughter cells which are haploid
law of independent assortment - answerTraits are passed on randomly and are not
influenced by other traits
Nucleotide - answer5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
DNA Pairings - answerAdenine with Thymine, and Cytosine with Guanine
Alleles - answerVariations of genes
Locus - answerLocation of a gene or alleles
homozygous - answerEither AA or aa, where both are either dominant or recessive
Heterozygous - answerwhen there are two different alleles for a trait (aA, Aa)
Variability in Evolution - answerIncreases by mutations, immigration, sexual
reproduction, and size
Decreases by natural selection, emigration, and smaller populations
Natural selection - answerTraits that help give a species an advantage are passed on to
subsequent generations
Gradualism - answerThe theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
Punctuated Equilibrium - answerLong periods of no change (stasis) accompanied by
brief periods of rapid change
Evolution scientist contributors - answerCuvier, Lamarck, Lyell, Darwin, Wallace
Groupings of kingdom classification system - answerKingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species (King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup)
Monera Kingdom - answerProkaryotes- bacteria and Cyanobacteria, unicellular
organisms or colonies
Protista kingdom - answerUnicellular protozoans and unicellular and multicellular algae
Fungi kingdom - answer100,000 species- mushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, mildews,
stinkhorns, puffballs, and truffles
Microbes - answerSmall organisms that are only visible through a microscope
3 processes used by plants - answerPhotosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration
Science
Leeuwenhoek - answer First person to observe single celled organisms using
homemade magnifying glasses.
Linnaeus - answer Method to classify plants and animals; helpful for studying large
amounts of data
Darwinism - answer Theory of evolution based on studying species of birds
Mendel - answer Experiments with pea plants to observe the occurrence of inherited
traits, two laws
McClintock - answer First genetic map; demonstrated basic genetic principles
Watson and Crick - answerStructure of DNA; helped explain how DNA replicates
Mineral - answerNaturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition
and orderly internal crystal structure.
Polymorph - answer2 minerals with the same chemical composition, but a different
crystal structure
3 types of rocks - answerSedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
geology (n) - answerThe study of planet Earth as it pertains to the composition,
structure, and origin of its rocks.
Petrology - answerThe study of rocks
Mineralogy - answerThe study of minerals
sedimentary rock characteristics - answerFormed by lithification
Formed in layers
May contain organic remains (fossils)
3 kinds: Detrital, biogenic, chemical
Igneous rock characteristics - answerFormed from magma
Intrusive: solidifies at a depth, cools slowly, and has a coarse grain (ex: granite)
Extrusive: solidifies at or near the surface, cools quickly, fine grain (ex: basalt)
Hypabyssal: formed at medium depths
,metamorphic rock characteristics - answerFoliation: layering, occurs when rock is
compressed along one axis during recrystallization (ex: schist and shale)
Unfoliated: rocks are compressed equally from all sides or lack specific minerals
(marble)
Plate tectonic movements - answerDivergent- pulling away from each other, magma
comes from the earth
Convergent- one plate goes under another and mountains can form
Transform- horizontal, can produce earthquakes
Volcanoes can occur on any plate boundary
8 Biomes - answerTundra and taiga- cold
Grassland, temperate forest, and chaparral-changing seasons
Desert and tropical rain forest- warm all the time
Ocean
Precipitation - answerCondensed water vapor falls to Earth
Canopy Interception - answerPrecipitation lands on plant foliage instead of falling to the
ground and evaporating
Snowmelt - answerRunoff produced by melting snow
Infiltration - answerDownward movement of water through soil.
Subsurface flow - answerWater that travels underground
Evaporation - answerThe change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
Sublimination - answerWater in a solid state changes to water vapor without going to a
liquid phase
Advection - answerMovement of water through the atmosphere
Condensation - answerThe change of state from a gas to a liquid
Transpiration - answerEvaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
Layers of earths atmosphere - answerTroposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Phases of the Moon - answerNew moon: moon is not illuminated
,Waxing Crescent moon: Tiny sliver
1st quarter: (half moon)
Gibbous: football shaped
Full moon: completely lit up
Waning Gibbous: football shaped
3rd quarter: (half moon)
Waning Crescent: small sliver
Eukaryotic cells - answerHave a nucleus, more complex, have membrane bound
organelles, DNA is in the chromosomes in the nucleus, divide by mitosis and are
diploid.
Prokaryotic cells - answerBacteria; has NO true nucleus or membrane bound
organelles, DNA is in the cytoplasm in the nucleoid, divide by binary fission, are haploid
Similarities of plant and animal cells - answerEukaryotic
Have nucleus
Reproduction
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Microtubules
Vacuoules
Differences of plant and animal cells - answerPlant cell: cell wall, chloroplasts, regular
shape, cell plates, larger
Animal cell: no cell wall, mitochondria, many shapes, small, pinch in half
Law of Segregation- Mendel - answerTwo alleles and that half of the total number of
alleles are contributed by each parent organism
Mitosis - answerEukaryotic cell splits into two separate, but completely identical cells- 5
phases
Phases of Mitosis - answerInterphase: replicate the genetic and cytoplasmic material
Prophase: chromatin thickens, centrioles move to opposite sides of cell, form spindle
fibers
Metaphase: spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align
Anaphase: begin to pull apart and may bend
Telophase: either pinched or cell wall forms as it prepares to split
Cytokinesis: the actual splitting into 2 cells
Meiosis - answerMore complex, results in 4 cells rather than 2, stages happen twice,
encouraged genetic diversity
Meiosis I - answerInterphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, trlophase, telophase,
cytokinesis- 4 chromatids are formed
, Meiosis II - answer2nd round of phases, producing daughter cells which are haploid
law of independent assortment - answerTraits are passed on randomly and are not
influenced by other traits
Nucleotide - answer5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
DNA Pairings - answerAdenine with Thymine, and Cytosine with Guanine
Alleles - answerVariations of genes
Locus - answerLocation of a gene or alleles
homozygous - answerEither AA or aa, where both are either dominant or recessive
Heterozygous - answerwhen there are two different alleles for a trait (aA, Aa)
Variability in Evolution - answerIncreases by mutations, immigration, sexual
reproduction, and size
Decreases by natural selection, emigration, and smaller populations
Natural selection - answerTraits that help give a species an advantage are passed on to
subsequent generations
Gradualism - answerThe theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily
Punctuated Equilibrium - answerLong periods of no change (stasis) accompanied by
brief periods of rapid change
Evolution scientist contributors - answerCuvier, Lamarck, Lyell, Darwin, Wallace
Groupings of kingdom classification system - answerKingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species (King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup)
Monera Kingdom - answerProkaryotes- bacteria and Cyanobacteria, unicellular
organisms or colonies
Protista kingdom - answerUnicellular protozoans and unicellular and multicellular algae
Fungi kingdom - answer100,000 species- mushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, mildews,
stinkhorns, puffballs, and truffles
Microbes - answerSmall organisms that are only visible through a microscope
3 processes used by plants - answerPhotosynthesis, transpiration, and respiration
