ASTB-E with Accurate Solutions
Absolute Altitude - ANS-The actual distance an object is above the ground.
Absolute Pressure - ANS-Pressure measured from the reference of zero pressure, or a
vacuum.
Acceleration - ANS-Force involved in overcoming inertia; may be defined as a change in
velocity per unit of time
Accelerometer - ANS-A part of an inertial navigation system (INS) that accurately
measures the force of acceleration in one direction.
Adjustable-pitch propeller - ANS-A propeller with blades whose pitch can be adjusted on
the ground with the engine not running, but which cannot be adjusted in flight. Also
referred to as a ground adjustable propeller. Sometimes also used to refer to constant-
speed propellers that are adjustable in flight.
Advancing blade - ANS-A rotor blade that experiences an increase in relative wind
because of airspeed.
Adverse Yaw - ANS-A condition of flight in which the nose of the airplane tends to yaw
toward the outside of the turn. This is caused by the higher induced drag on the outside
wing, which is also producing more lift. Induced drag is a byproduct of the lift associated
with the outside wing.
Ailerons - ANS-Primary flight control surfaces mounted on the trailing edge of an
airplane wing, near the tip. Ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis.
air density - ANS-The density of the air in terms of mass per unit volume. Dense air has
more molecules per unit volume than less dense air. The density of air decreases with
altitude above the surface of the earth and with increasing temperature.
Airfoil - ANS-Any surface, such as a wing, which provides aerodynamic force when it
interacts with a moving stream of air.
Airspeed - ANS-Rate of the aircraft's progress through the air.
Airspeed Indicator - ANS-A differential pressure gauge that measures the dynamic
pressure of the air through which the aircraft is flying. Displays the craft's airspeed,
typically in knots, to the pilot.
, Altimeter - ANS-An instrument that indicates flight altitude by sensing pressure changes
and displaying altitude in feet or meters
Ambient Pressure - ANS-The air pressure in the area immediately surrounding the
aircraft
Ambient Temperature - ANS-The temperature of the air immediately surrounding the
aircraft.
Angle of Attack - ANS-The angle formed between the wing chord line and the relative
wind.
Angle of Incidence - ANS-For an airplane, the angle formed by the chord line of the
wing and a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the airplane. For a helicopter, it is
between the blade chord line and the plan of rotation of the rotor system. In the absence
of induced flow and/or aircraft airspeed, angle of attack and incidence are the same.
Antitorque pedal - ANS-The pedal used to control the pitch of the tail rotor or air diffuser
in a NOTAR® system
Approach lighting system (ALS) - ANS-Provides lights that will penetrate the
atmosphere far enough from touchdown to give directional, distance, and glidepath
information for safe transition from instrument to visual flight.
Articulated Rotor - ANS-A rotor system in which each of the blades is connected to the
rotor hub in such a way that it is free to change its pitch angle, and move up and down
and fore and aft in its plane of rotation
Asymmetric Thrust - ANS-Also known as P-factor. A tendency for an aircraft to yaw to
the left due to the descending propeller blade on the right producing more thrust than
the ascending blade on the left. This occurs when the aircraft's longitudinal axis is in a
climbing attitude in relation to the relative wind. The P-factor would be to the right if the
aircraft had a counterclockwise rotating propeller.
Altitude Indicator - ANS-An instrument that reflects the airplane's attitude in relation to
the horizon
Autopilot - ANS-An automatic flight control system which keeps an aircraft in level flight
or on a set course. Automatic pilots can be directed by the pilot, or they may be coupled
to a radio navigation signal.
Autorotation - ANS-The condition of helicopter flight during which the main rotor is
driven only by aerodynamic forces, with no power from the engine.
Axes of an aircraft - ANS-Three imaginary lines that pass through an aircraft's center of
gravity. The axes can be considered as imaginary axles around which the aircraft
Absolute Altitude - ANS-The actual distance an object is above the ground.
Absolute Pressure - ANS-Pressure measured from the reference of zero pressure, or a
vacuum.
Acceleration - ANS-Force involved in overcoming inertia; may be defined as a change in
velocity per unit of time
Accelerometer - ANS-A part of an inertial navigation system (INS) that accurately
measures the force of acceleration in one direction.
Adjustable-pitch propeller - ANS-A propeller with blades whose pitch can be adjusted on
the ground with the engine not running, but which cannot be adjusted in flight. Also
referred to as a ground adjustable propeller. Sometimes also used to refer to constant-
speed propellers that are adjustable in flight.
Advancing blade - ANS-A rotor blade that experiences an increase in relative wind
because of airspeed.
Adverse Yaw - ANS-A condition of flight in which the nose of the airplane tends to yaw
toward the outside of the turn. This is caused by the higher induced drag on the outside
wing, which is also producing more lift. Induced drag is a byproduct of the lift associated
with the outside wing.
Ailerons - ANS-Primary flight control surfaces mounted on the trailing edge of an
airplane wing, near the tip. Ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis.
air density - ANS-The density of the air in terms of mass per unit volume. Dense air has
more molecules per unit volume than less dense air. The density of air decreases with
altitude above the surface of the earth and with increasing temperature.
Airfoil - ANS-Any surface, such as a wing, which provides aerodynamic force when it
interacts with a moving stream of air.
Airspeed - ANS-Rate of the aircraft's progress through the air.
Airspeed Indicator - ANS-A differential pressure gauge that measures the dynamic
pressure of the air through which the aircraft is flying. Displays the craft's airspeed,
typically in knots, to the pilot.
, Altimeter - ANS-An instrument that indicates flight altitude by sensing pressure changes
and displaying altitude in feet or meters
Ambient Pressure - ANS-The air pressure in the area immediately surrounding the
aircraft
Ambient Temperature - ANS-The temperature of the air immediately surrounding the
aircraft.
Angle of Attack - ANS-The angle formed between the wing chord line and the relative
wind.
Angle of Incidence - ANS-For an airplane, the angle formed by the chord line of the
wing and a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the airplane. For a helicopter, it is
between the blade chord line and the plan of rotation of the rotor system. In the absence
of induced flow and/or aircraft airspeed, angle of attack and incidence are the same.
Antitorque pedal - ANS-The pedal used to control the pitch of the tail rotor or air diffuser
in a NOTAR® system
Approach lighting system (ALS) - ANS-Provides lights that will penetrate the
atmosphere far enough from touchdown to give directional, distance, and glidepath
information for safe transition from instrument to visual flight.
Articulated Rotor - ANS-A rotor system in which each of the blades is connected to the
rotor hub in such a way that it is free to change its pitch angle, and move up and down
and fore and aft in its plane of rotation
Asymmetric Thrust - ANS-Also known as P-factor. A tendency for an aircraft to yaw to
the left due to the descending propeller blade on the right producing more thrust than
the ascending blade on the left. This occurs when the aircraft's longitudinal axis is in a
climbing attitude in relation to the relative wind. The P-factor would be to the right if the
aircraft had a counterclockwise rotating propeller.
Altitude Indicator - ANS-An instrument that reflects the airplane's attitude in relation to
the horizon
Autopilot - ANS-An automatic flight control system which keeps an aircraft in level flight
or on a set course. Automatic pilots can be directed by the pilot, or they may be coupled
to a radio navigation signal.
Autorotation - ANS-The condition of helicopter flight during which the main rotor is
driven only by aerodynamic forces, with no power from the engine.
Axes of an aircraft - ANS-Three imaginary lines that pass through an aircraft's center of
gravity. The axes can be considered as imaginary axles around which the aircraft
