Master NCTRC Exam Study Guide Complete Test.
Theories and Concepts
1. Foundational
Knowledge
(Section A)
Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) proposed a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial
2. Erik Erickson's
development comprising eight stages from infancy to adulthood. During each
Stages of Human
stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or
Development
negative outcome for personality development.
3. Infancy Trust vs. mistrust stage
Feeding and other needs are met fully and consistently or not.
Years 0-1
4. Toddlerhood Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Feelings of personal control and independence with successful toilet-train-
ing/other physical skills, OR shame and self doubt with failure
Years 2-3
5. Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt
Success exploring and asserting power/control over environment brings sense of
purpose OR excessive, destructive power/disapproval brings guilty feelings
Years 3-6
6. School-Age Industry vs Inferiority
Successfully meeting academic and social demands brings a sense of competence
OR failure, feelings of inadequacy
Years 7-12
7. Adolescence Identity vs Role Confusion
Forging a personal identity and sense of self enables being true to oneself OR
failing, a weak sense of self and role unsureness
Years 12-18
, Master NCTRC Exam Study Guide Complete Test.
8. Early Adulthood Intimacy vs Isolation
To lose and find oneself in a
another, love, promiscuity, exclusivity
Years: 20-45
9. Middle Adult- Generatively vs stagnation
hood Successfully nurturing others and providing legacies brings feelings of accom-
plishment and usefulness OR failure, shallow world involvement
Years 30-65
10. Later Adulthood Ego Integrity vs Despair
Satisfying life reviews bring fulfillment and wisdom OR failure, bitterness and
regret.
Years: 50+
11. Hierarchy of Albert Maslow
Needs Theory of We have a hierarchy of needs, visualized in pyramid form.
Human Behavior At base are physiological needs: sleep, water, food, and being warm; then needs
for safety and security.
Psychological needs follow: love friendship and belonging, then esteem needs for
feelings of accomplishment and prestige.
Above these are self-actualization needs to fulfill one's highest potential
12. Social Learning Albert Bandura
Theory New behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others.
Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur
purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor
reproduction or direct reinforcement.
Learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a
process known as vicarious reinforcement. When a particular behavior is re-
warded regularly, it will most likely persist; conversely, if a particular behavior is
constantly punished, it will most likely desist.
, Master NCTRC Exam Study Guide Complete Test.
13. Experiential David Kolb
Learning Model Learning through experience, and is more specifically defined as "learning
through reflection on doing".
Hands-on learning, action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning,
cooperative learning, service-learning, and situated learning.
14. Self-Determina- A theory of motivation and personality that addresses three universal, innate and
tion Theory psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and psychological relatedness.
15. Stress Coping Stress is a normal part of life and something you cannot control, however you can
control your response to stress.
16. Societal Attitudes Refer to prevailing beliefs espoused by and influenced by governments, cultural
orientation, historical background, or other prevailing conditions.
17. Medical Model The oldest treatment model.
Evaluation typically includes lab analysis of physiological testing; treatment often
includes medication.
The physician in the primary practitioner who determines the role of the TRS.
18. Community Mod- This service delivery model can also be known as the special recreation model.
el The ARC is included in this model.
Recreation is more community based for those with special needs and less
institutional
19. Education Model This service delivery model provides clients the means to acquire the knowledge
and skills they will need to become productive members of society. TRS services
include teaching leisure skills and social skills.
Strong paring with OT in this model.
20. Health and Well- This service delivery model has changed over the recent years towards preventing
ness Model illness before it occurs through practices promoting wellness. Along with empha-
Theories and Concepts
1. Foundational
Knowledge
(Section A)
Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) proposed a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial
2. Erik Erickson's
development comprising eight stages from infancy to adulthood. During each
Stages of Human
stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or
Development
negative outcome for personality development.
3. Infancy Trust vs. mistrust stage
Feeding and other needs are met fully and consistently or not.
Years 0-1
4. Toddlerhood Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Feelings of personal control and independence with successful toilet-train-
ing/other physical skills, OR shame and self doubt with failure
Years 2-3
5. Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt
Success exploring and asserting power/control over environment brings sense of
purpose OR excessive, destructive power/disapproval brings guilty feelings
Years 3-6
6. School-Age Industry vs Inferiority
Successfully meeting academic and social demands brings a sense of competence
OR failure, feelings of inadequacy
Years 7-12
7. Adolescence Identity vs Role Confusion
Forging a personal identity and sense of self enables being true to oneself OR
failing, a weak sense of self and role unsureness
Years 12-18
, Master NCTRC Exam Study Guide Complete Test.
8. Early Adulthood Intimacy vs Isolation
To lose and find oneself in a
another, love, promiscuity, exclusivity
Years: 20-45
9. Middle Adult- Generatively vs stagnation
hood Successfully nurturing others and providing legacies brings feelings of accom-
plishment and usefulness OR failure, shallow world involvement
Years 30-65
10. Later Adulthood Ego Integrity vs Despair
Satisfying life reviews bring fulfillment and wisdom OR failure, bitterness and
regret.
Years: 50+
11. Hierarchy of Albert Maslow
Needs Theory of We have a hierarchy of needs, visualized in pyramid form.
Human Behavior At base are physiological needs: sleep, water, food, and being warm; then needs
for safety and security.
Psychological needs follow: love friendship and belonging, then esteem needs for
feelings of accomplishment and prestige.
Above these are self-actualization needs to fulfill one's highest potential
12. Social Learning Albert Bandura
Theory New behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others.
Learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur
purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor
reproduction or direct reinforcement.
Learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a
process known as vicarious reinforcement. When a particular behavior is re-
warded regularly, it will most likely persist; conversely, if a particular behavior is
constantly punished, it will most likely desist.
, Master NCTRC Exam Study Guide Complete Test.
13. Experiential David Kolb
Learning Model Learning through experience, and is more specifically defined as "learning
through reflection on doing".
Hands-on learning, action learning, adventure learning, free-choice learning,
cooperative learning, service-learning, and situated learning.
14. Self-Determina- A theory of motivation and personality that addresses three universal, innate and
tion Theory psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and psychological relatedness.
15. Stress Coping Stress is a normal part of life and something you cannot control, however you can
control your response to stress.
16. Societal Attitudes Refer to prevailing beliefs espoused by and influenced by governments, cultural
orientation, historical background, or other prevailing conditions.
17. Medical Model The oldest treatment model.
Evaluation typically includes lab analysis of physiological testing; treatment often
includes medication.
The physician in the primary practitioner who determines the role of the TRS.
18. Community Mod- This service delivery model can also be known as the special recreation model.
el The ARC is included in this model.
Recreation is more community based for those with special needs and less
institutional
19. Education Model This service delivery model provides clients the means to acquire the knowledge
and skills they will need to become productive members of society. TRS services
include teaching leisure skills and social skills.
Strong paring with OT in this model.
20. Health and Well- This service delivery model has changed over the recent years towards preventing
ness Model illness before it occurs through practices promoting wellness. Along with empha-
