ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Stdy
Review with Answers Graded A
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to
days
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER --
DNA replicates
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER --The -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA
cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of (chromatids)
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell
division -which are attached a t the centromere
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by -lasts 2-10 hours
gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER --
Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated,
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER - and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
Cell division produces two identical cells through
these two major phases -takes about 30-60 minutes
During interphase: - ANSWER -Cell grows Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit
and DNA is replicated through the following three from - ANSWER --G1 checkpoint
steps:
-S Phase
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
-G2 checkpoint
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
-M phase
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
Restriction Point - ANSWER --The
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - transition from the resting phase into an actively
ANSWER --cells increase in size dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular
transformation can occur
-reproduce RNA
-During this time, cells pass through a transition
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be phase known as a restriction point
ready to synthesis DNA
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into
, ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Stdy
Review with Answers Graded A
G1, and GF are required to send the cells past
the restriction point, or the point of no return -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and
control progression through mitosis
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER --
After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 Progression through the cell cycle is controlled
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 through two proteins: - ANSWER -1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in through each phase of the cell cycle
G0 phase) - ANSWER --Exceptions to this
are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and
CDKs - ANSWER --(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
-and the epithelium of the GI tract CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER -Amount of -Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
time from mitosis to mitosis
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Cell cycle video and image - ANSWER -
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/00724958
55/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the
_cell_cycle_works.html Inhibitory proteins - ANSWER --prevent
progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All -An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA
Under Control - ANSWER --The cell cycle TP53)
is carefully controlled through a series of
checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of DNA Damage Checkpoints - ANSWER --If
chromosomes during cell division can alter the DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed
leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such cell death)
as cancer
, ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Stdy
Review with Answers Graded A
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 Myeolid Precursor Cells - ANSWER -
are some of the most well-understood inhibitory Mature into:
proteins (IP) -RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
Inhibitory proteins p53 - ANSWER --Levels
of this IP regulate several important target genes
Lymphoid Precursor Cells - ANSWER -
-Will increase when DNA damage is present Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes
-Protects against inappropriate signal (Agranulocytes)
proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
Lines of Defense: The Immune System's
Response to Attack - ANSWER -Consists of
2 types of immunity:
M Phase Checkpoints - ANSWER -When
the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line 1: Innate
up in the mitotic spindle. 2: Adaptive
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned,
division is not allowed to continue
Innate Immunity - ANSWER --First line of
defense against a pathogen
Immunity - ANSWER - -Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of
Cells of the Immune System - ANSWER - the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes,
natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
Pluripotent Stem Cell - ANSWER --The
cells of the immune system are created in the
bome marrow from what is know as a ___
1. Phagocytes
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell 2. Natural Killer Cells
type except for extraembryotic tissue, does not 3. Granulocytes
yet have a function 4. Macrophages - ANSWER -1.Cells that
engulf and destroy invader
2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self
Review with Answers Graded A
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to
days
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER --
DNA replicates
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER --The -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA
cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of (chromatids)
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell
division -which are attached a t the centromere
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by -lasts 2-10 hours
gathering and processing complexes molecular
information
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER --
Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated,
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER - and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
Cell division produces two identical cells through
these two major phases -takes about 30-60 minutes
During interphase: - ANSWER -Cell grows Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit
and DNA is replicated through the following three from - ANSWER --G1 checkpoint
steps:
-S Phase
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
-G2 checkpoint
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
-M phase
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
Restriction Point - ANSWER --The
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - transition from the resting phase into an actively
ANSWER --cells increase in size dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular
transformation can occur
-reproduce RNA
-During this time, cells pass through a transition
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be phase known as a restriction point
ready to synthesis DNA
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into
, ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Stdy
Review with Answers Graded A
G1, and GF are required to send the cells past
the restriction point, or the point of no return -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and
control progression through mitosis
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER --
After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 Progression through the cell cycle is controlled
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 through two proteins: - ANSWER -1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in through each phase of the cell cycle
G0 phase) - ANSWER --Exceptions to this
are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and
CDKs - ANSWER --(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
-and the epithelium of the GI tract CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER -Amount of -Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
time from mitosis to mitosis
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Cell cycle video and image - ANSWER -
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/00724958
55/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_the
_cell_cycle_works.html Inhibitory proteins - ANSWER --prevent
progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All -An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA
Under Control - ANSWER --The cell cycle TP53)
is carefully controlled through a series of
checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of DNA Damage Checkpoints - ANSWER --If
chromosomes during cell division can alter the DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed
leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such cell death)
as cancer
, ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Stdy
Review with Answers Graded A
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 Myeolid Precursor Cells - ANSWER -
are some of the most well-understood inhibitory Mature into:
proteins (IP) -RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
Inhibitory proteins p53 - ANSWER --Levels
of this IP regulate several important target genes
Lymphoid Precursor Cells - ANSWER -
-Will increase when DNA damage is present Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes
-Protects against inappropriate signal (Agranulocytes)
proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
Lines of Defense: The Immune System's
Response to Attack - ANSWER -Consists of
2 types of immunity:
M Phase Checkpoints - ANSWER -When
the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line 1: Innate
up in the mitotic spindle. 2: Adaptive
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned,
division is not allowed to continue
Innate Immunity - ANSWER --First line of
defense against a pathogen
Immunity - ANSWER - -Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of
Cells of the Immune System - ANSWER - the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes,
natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
Pluripotent Stem Cell - ANSWER --The
cells of the immune system are created in the
bome marrow from what is know as a ___
1. Phagocytes
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell 2. Natural Killer Cells
type except for extraembryotic tissue, does not 3. Granulocytes
yet have a function 4. Macrophages - ANSWER -1.Cells that
engulf and destroy invader
2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self
