NS 1410 EXAM 3 STUDYGUIDE 2025-2026
Functions of Sodium - ANSWER Build electrolyte balance, nerve transmissions,
transport of nutrients
Sodium Deficiencies - ANSWER Hyponatremia, seen in marathon athletes who
consume too much water
Sodium Toxicities - ANSWER Hypernatremia, patients with congestive heart
failure or kidney disease
Sodium Sources - ANSWER Processed foods, table salt, soy sauce
Potassium Functions - ANSWER Fluid and electrolyte balance, muscle
contractions and nerve transmissions
Potassium Deficiencies - ANSWER Hypokalemia, patients with kidney disease
Potassium Toxicities - ANSWER Hyperkalemia, kidney disease patients
Potassium Food Sources - ANSWER whole grains, fruits, veggies, bananas,
tomatoes, orange juice
Chloride Functions - ANSWER Coupled with sodium in extracellular fluid to
maintain balance, part of HCl stomach acid to aid with digestion
Chloride Deficiencies - ANSWER rare, but occurs with eating disorders
Chloride Toxicities - ANSWER comes from salt, may lead to hypertension in
salt-sensitive patients
Chloride Food Sources - ANSWER salt
Phosphorus Functions - ANSWER major intracellular negatively charged
electrolyte, fluid balance, bone formation
Phosphorus Deficiencies - ANSWER rare
Phosphorus Toxicities - ANSWER kidney disease or vitamin D supplements
Phosphorus Food Sources - ANSWER dairy, sodas, meats, widespread
Vitamin E Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, nerve and muscle development,
immune system, promotes vitamin A absorption
, Vitamin E Deficiencies - ANSWER uncommon, associated with fat
malabsorption, premature babies
Vitamin E Toxicities - ANSWER uncommon, can interfere with anticoagulant
(aspirin, Coumadin), excessive bleeding
Vitamin E Food Sources - ANSWER Polyunsaturated plant oils, nuts, seeds
Vitamin C Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, helps iron absorption, helps
immune system
Vitamin C Deficiencies - ANSWER scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums
Vitamin C Toxicities - ANSWER none
Vitamin C Food Sources - ANSWER citrus fruits, bell peppers, smokers need
more
Beta-Carotene Functions - ANSWER protects from eye damage, helps immune
system, protects skin from UV damage
Beta Carotene Deficiencies - ANSWER none
Beta Carotene Toxicities - ANSWER cartenosis (orange pigment)
Beta Carotene Sources - ANSWER broccoli, squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkin,
orange foods
Vitamin A Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, cell differentiation, sperm growth
and reproduction and fertilization, bone growth
Vitamin A Deficiencies - ANSWER night blindness, impaired immunity, bone
deterioration, hyperkeratosis, death
Vitamin A Toxicities - ANSWER increased osteoclasts, liver abnormalities, birth
defects, blurred vision, headaches
Vitamin A Food Sources - ANSWER animal (liver, eggs, dairy, fortified foods)
plants high in beta carotene
Selenium Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, production of thyroxine
Selenium Deficiencies - ANSWER Keshan disease (heart disease), Kashin-Beck
disease (an arthritis)
Selenium Toxicities - ANSWER brittle hair loss, sloughing of nails, rashes,
Functions of Sodium - ANSWER Build electrolyte balance, nerve transmissions,
transport of nutrients
Sodium Deficiencies - ANSWER Hyponatremia, seen in marathon athletes who
consume too much water
Sodium Toxicities - ANSWER Hypernatremia, patients with congestive heart
failure or kidney disease
Sodium Sources - ANSWER Processed foods, table salt, soy sauce
Potassium Functions - ANSWER Fluid and electrolyte balance, muscle
contractions and nerve transmissions
Potassium Deficiencies - ANSWER Hypokalemia, patients with kidney disease
Potassium Toxicities - ANSWER Hyperkalemia, kidney disease patients
Potassium Food Sources - ANSWER whole grains, fruits, veggies, bananas,
tomatoes, orange juice
Chloride Functions - ANSWER Coupled with sodium in extracellular fluid to
maintain balance, part of HCl stomach acid to aid with digestion
Chloride Deficiencies - ANSWER rare, but occurs with eating disorders
Chloride Toxicities - ANSWER comes from salt, may lead to hypertension in
salt-sensitive patients
Chloride Food Sources - ANSWER salt
Phosphorus Functions - ANSWER major intracellular negatively charged
electrolyte, fluid balance, bone formation
Phosphorus Deficiencies - ANSWER rare
Phosphorus Toxicities - ANSWER kidney disease or vitamin D supplements
Phosphorus Food Sources - ANSWER dairy, sodas, meats, widespread
Vitamin E Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, nerve and muscle development,
immune system, promotes vitamin A absorption
, Vitamin E Deficiencies - ANSWER uncommon, associated with fat
malabsorption, premature babies
Vitamin E Toxicities - ANSWER uncommon, can interfere with anticoagulant
(aspirin, Coumadin), excessive bleeding
Vitamin E Food Sources - ANSWER Polyunsaturated plant oils, nuts, seeds
Vitamin C Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, helps iron absorption, helps
immune system
Vitamin C Deficiencies - ANSWER scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums
Vitamin C Toxicities - ANSWER none
Vitamin C Food Sources - ANSWER citrus fruits, bell peppers, smokers need
more
Beta-Carotene Functions - ANSWER protects from eye damage, helps immune
system, protects skin from UV damage
Beta Carotene Deficiencies - ANSWER none
Beta Carotene Toxicities - ANSWER cartenosis (orange pigment)
Beta Carotene Sources - ANSWER broccoli, squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkin,
orange foods
Vitamin A Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, cell differentiation, sperm growth
and reproduction and fertilization, bone growth
Vitamin A Deficiencies - ANSWER night blindness, impaired immunity, bone
deterioration, hyperkeratosis, death
Vitamin A Toxicities - ANSWER increased osteoclasts, liver abnormalities, birth
defects, blurred vision, headaches
Vitamin A Food Sources - ANSWER animal (liver, eggs, dairy, fortified foods)
plants high in beta carotene
Selenium Functions - ANSWER antioxidant, production of thyroxine
Selenium Deficiencies - ANSWER Keshan disease (heart disease), Kashin-Beck
disease (an arthritis)
Selenium Toxicities - ANSWER brittle hair loss, sloughing of nails, rashes,
