EXSS 276 Exam 3 (2025) Actual Exam
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
oxygen .carrying .in .blood .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-blood .leaves .the .lung, .fully
.saturated .and .once .the .hemoglobin .is .in .the .target .tissue, .it .begins .to
.desaturate, .releasing .oxygen .
hemoglobin .when .at .the .lung, .picks .up .oxygen, .but .other .areas .releases .lots .of
.oxygen
process .of .picking .up .and .releasing .only .occurs .
blood .must .be .in .capillaries .where .the .blood .composition .of .the .blood .can .be
.changed .to .structure .the .vessels .to .pick .up .or .release .blood
signals .for .hemoglobin .to .saturate .or .desaturate .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-ration
.of .oxygen .to .CO2
pH
temperature
hemoglobin .also .carries .a .large .amount .of .CO2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-(almost
.25% .of .waste .product .is .carried .by .it)
it .will .only .carry .CO2 .when .it .is .desaturated; .when .saturated, .it .won't .(just .start
.desaturation)
metabolism .produces .the .CO2 .and .the .hemoglobins .desaturate .in .areas .that
.are .doing .lots .of .metabolism, .but .when .the .hemoglobin .gets .to .the .lungs, .the
.capillaries .are .different, .so .it .releases .CO2 .at .the .lungs .and .picks .oxygen .back
.up .(saturation)
anemic .people .(due .to .poor .levels .of .hemoglobin .or .RBCs): .you .can't .pick .up
.as .much .oxygen .or .CO2 .thus .your .metabolism .doesn't .work .well .to .produce
.ATP, .and .when .it .is .producing .the .ATP, .the .CO2 .can't .be .thrown .out .which
.inhibits .energy .production .even .further .- .thus .lethargy
Erythropoiesis .or .Hemopoiesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-process .by .which .RBCs
.are .made
reduced .levels .of .oxygen .in .the .blood .stimulate .kidney
,kidney .stimulates .by .releasing .erythropoietin .which .stimulates .red .bone
.marrow .to .undergo .enhanced .erythropoiesis .producing .more .RBCs .which .
Stem .cell .(hemocytoblast) .—> .committed .cell .(proerythroblast) .—> .phase .1:
.ribosome .synthesis .—> .phase .2: .hemoglobin .accumulation .—> .phase .3:
.ejection .of .nucleus .—> .erythrocytes
reduced .levels .of .oxygen .in .the .blood .stimulate .kidney .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-
hypoxia: .low .levels .of .oxygens .which .will .usually .occur .because .you .have
.lower .levels .of .RBCs .and .hemoglobin .(due .to .diet, .anemia, .or .even
.environmental .conditions)
Epo .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-doping .agent .associated .with .endurance .activities
takes .pharmaceutical .basis .of .erythropoietin .and .injecting .or .swallowing .it .
increases .hematocrit .and .hemoglobin .but .the .problem .is .when .it .moves .to
.milkshake .level .it .makes .the .heart .work .harder
# .of .cases .where .triathletes .and .cyclists .or .distance .runner .die .of .heart .attack
.during .activity
blood .isn't .super .viscous .when .you're .resting, .but .when .you're .sweating .a .lot
.during .activity, .you .can .never .replenish .the .fluid .as .quickly .as .you .lose .it,
.plasma .water .is .getting .smaller .and .formed .elements .are .dissolved .in .this .so
.the .blood .because .more .viscous .(already .more .viscous .because .of .EPO) .
heart .can't .pump .blood .adequately
note: .most .water .in .your .sweat .comes .from .plasma .water
most .water .in .your .sweat .comes .from .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-plasma .water
globin .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-alpha .and .beta .protein .chains
recycling .of .amino .acids .for .new .RBCs
blood .doping .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-injecting .previously .stored .RBCs .before .an
.athletic .event
(more .cells .available .to .deliver .oxygen .to .tissues .- .hard .to .detect .because
.you're .using .your .own .blood .other .than .looking .for .track .marks)
dangerous .(increases .blood .viscosity .and .forces .heart .to .work .harder)
banned .by .Olympic .committee
hypoxia .(altitude) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-another .form .to .raise .hemoglobin .level
,cause .levels .of .blood .to .stimulate .the .kidney .to .produce .erythropoietin, .thus
.more .RBCs
training .and .being .exposed .to .altitude, .causes .your .hemoglobin .to .increase
.thus .your .performance .increases
not .banned .- .why .a .lot .of .teams .go .higher .in .altitude .to .train
problem: .you .have .a .window .of .time, .as .soon .as .you .go .to .sea .level, .the .body
.reduces .erythropoietin .and .RBC .and .hemoglobin .production .goes .down .so
.high .values .of .hemoglobin .drop .rapidly .so .you .have .7-10 .days .until .you're
.back .to .normal
reason .why .athletes .can .do .well .at .competition .but .at .the .Olympics .they .suck
.because .they .have .to .go .through .2 .weeks .of .qualifying
anemia .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-either .not .enough .RBCs .(low .hematocrit) .or .have
.RBCs .but .not .enough .hemoglobin .in .them .(both .types .have .the .same .effect)
anemia .can .be .due .to .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-decreased .erythropoiesis .
increased .destruction .of .RBCs
increased .destruction .of .hemoglobin
anemia .can .result .in .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-decreased .capacity .to .carry .gases
.(delivering .O2 .and .getting .rid .of .CO2)
decreased .acid .buffering .capacity .
(hemoglobin .is .able .to .accept .hydrogen .ions .so .it .is .a .buffer .- .if .you .have .a
.form .of .anemia .where .you .don't .have .as .much .hemoglobin, .you .lose .the
.buffering .capacity .and .can't .accept .enough .hydrogen .ions .so .pyruvic .acid
.stays .as .lactic .acid .and .disassociates .and .becomes .acidic .and .you .can't
.produce .as .much .ATP .through .metabolism)
blood .groups .and .types .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-Type .A
Type .B
Type .AB
Type .O
Type .A .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-A .antigen .(glyco-proteins .- .protein .structures
.with .carb .structures .to .them)
Anti-B .antibody: .made .by .the .liver .and .ride .on .the .plasma .cells
, Type .B .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-B .antigen
Anti-A .antibody
Type .AB .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-both .A .and .B .antigens
neither .antibody
"universal .recipients": .can .take .A .or .B .type
Type .O .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-O: .Neither .A .nor .B .antigen
both .Anti-A .and .Anti-B .antibodies
"universal .donors": .give .blood .to .anyone .due .to .lack .of .antigens
heart .myocardium .is .comporised .of .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-myocardial .muscle
.cells .and .connective .tissue
cardiac .muscle .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-super .slow .muscle .(super .Type .I .- .slow
.oxidative) .
lots .of .mitochondria, .capacity .for .aerobic .metabolism, .ability .to .metabolize
.lipids .as .an .energy .source
inter-connected .in .an .electrical .synergy .and .if .you .send .a .signal .to .one
.myocardial .muscle .cell, .it .will .pass .it .on .to .the .ones .around .it
the .more .myocardial .muscle .cells, .the .stronger .the .tissue
bi-directional .contraction .- .goes .in .multiple .directions .unlike .skeletal .muscle
.(atriums .push .down .and .ventricles .push .down)
the .vast .majority .of .myocardial .muscle .tissue .is .in .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-the
.ventricles .of .the .heart .
vast .majority .of .the .ventricle .is .in .the .left .vs. .the .right
atriums .have .minimal .myocardial .muscle .tissue .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-not
.effective .pumps, .the .ventricles .are .
have .a .heart .attack .in .the .atrium .not .the .ventricles
priming .pumps
low .pressure .pumping .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-right .atrium .and .ventricle .(pump
.to .lung)
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
oxygen .carrying .in .blood .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-blood .leaves .the .lung, .fully
.saturated .and .once .the .hemoglobin .is .in .the .target .tissue, .it .begins .to
.desaturate, .releasing .oxygen .
hemoglobin .when .at .the .lung, .picks .up .oxygen, .but .other .areas .releases .lots .of
.oxygen
process .of .picking .up .and .releasing .only .occurs .
blood .must .be .in .capillaries .where .the .blood .composition .of .the .blood .can .be
.changed .to .structure .the .vessels .to .pick .up .or .release .blood
signals .for .hemoglobin .to .saturate .or .desaturate .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-ration
.of .oxygen .to .CO2
pH
temperature
hemoglobin .also .carries .a .large .amount .of .CO2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-(almost
.25% .of .waste .product .is .carried .by .it)
it .will .only .carry .CO2 .when .it .is .desaturated; .when .saturated, .it .won't .(just .start
.desaturation)
metabolism .produces .the .CO2 .and .the .hemoglobins .desaturate .in .areas .that
.are .doing .lots .of .metabolism, .but .when .the .hemoglobin .gets .to .the .lungs, .the
.capillaries .are .different, .so .it .releases .CO2 .at .the .lungs .and .picks .oxygen .back
.up .(saturation)
anemic .people .(due .to .poor .levels .of .hemoglobin .or .RBCs): .you .can't .pick .up
.as .much .oxygen .or .CO2 .thus .your .metabolism .doesn't .work .well .to .produce
.ATP, .and .when .it .is .producing .the .ATP, .the .CO2 .can't .be .thrown .out .which
.inhibits .energy .production .even .further .- .thus .lethargy
Erythropoiesis .or .Hemopoiesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-process .by .which .RBCs
.are .made
reduced .levels .of .oxygen .in .the .blood .stimulate .kidney
,kidney .stimulates .by .releasing .erythropoietin .which .stimulates .red .bone
.marrow .to .undergo .enhanced .erythropoiesis .producing .more .RBCs .which .
Stem .cell .(hemocytoblast) .—> .committed .cell .(proerythroblast) .—> .phase .1:
.ribosome .synthesis .—> .phase .2: .hemoglobin .accumulation .—> .phase .3:
.ejection .of .nucleus .—> .erythrocytes
reduced .levels .of .oxygen .in .the .blood .stimulate .kidney .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-
hypoxia: .low .levels .of .oxygens .which .will .usually .occur .because .you .have
.lower .levels .of .RBCs .and .hemoglobin .(due .to .diet, .anemia, .or .even
.environmental .conditions)
Epo .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-doping .agent .associated .with .endurance .activities
takes .pharmaceutical .basis .of .erythropoietin .and .injecting .or .swallowing .it .
increases .hematocrit .and .hemoglobin .but .the .problem .is .when .it .moves .to
.milkshake .level .it .makes .the .heart .work .harder
# .of .cases .where .triathletes .and .cyclists .or .distance .runner .die .of .heart .attack
.during .activity
blood .isn't .super .viscous .when .you're .resting, .but .when .you're .sweating .a .lot
.during .activity, .you .can .never .replenish .the .fluid .as .quickly .as .you .lose .it,
.plasma .water .is .getting .smaller .and .formed .elements .are .dissolved .in .this .so
.the .blood .because .more .viscous .(already .more .viscous .because .of .EPO) .
heart .can't .pump .blood .adequately
note: .most .water .in .your .sweat .comes .from .plasma .water
most .water .in .your .sweat .comes .from .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-plasma .water
globin .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-alpha .and .beta .protein .chains
recycling .of .amino .acids .for .new .RBCs
blood .doping .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-injecting .previously .stored .RBCs .before .an
.athletic .event
(more .cells .available .to .deliver .oxygen .to .tissues .- .hard .to .detect .because
.you're .using .your .own .blood .other .than .looking .for .track .marks)
dangerous .(increases .blood .viscosity .and .forces .heart .to .work .harder)
banned .by .Olympic .committee
hypoxia .(altitude) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-another .form .to .raise .hemoglobin .level
,cause .levels .of .blood .to .stimulate .the .kidney .to .produce .erythropoietin, .thus
.more .RBCs
training .and .being .exposed .to .altitude, .causes .your .hemoglobin .to .increase
.thus .your .performance .increases
not .banned .- .why .a .lot .of .teams .go .higher .in .altitude .to .train
problem: .you .have .a .window .of .time, .as .soon .as .you .go .to .sea .level, .the .body
.reduces .erythropoietin .and .RBC .and .hemoglobin .production .goes .down .so
.high .values .of .hemoglobin .drop .rapidly .so .you .have .7-10 .days .until .you're
.back .to .normal
reason .why .athletes .can .do .well .at .competition .but .at .the .Olympics .they .suck
.because .they .have .to .go .through .2 .weeks .of .qualifying
anemia .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-either .not .enough .RBCs .(low .hematocrit) .or .have
.RBCs .but .not .enough .hemoglobin .in .them .(both .types .have .the .same .effect)
anemia .can .be .due .to .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-decreased .erythropoiesis .
increased .destruction .of .RBCs
increased .destruction .of .hemoglobin
anemia .can .result .in .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-decreased .capacity .to .carry .gases
.(delivering .O2 .and .getting .rid .of .CO2)
decreased .acid .buffering .capacity .
(hemoglobin .is .able .to .accept .hydrogen .ions .so .it .is .a .buffer .- .if .you .have .a
.form .of .anemia .where .you .don't .have .as .much .hemoglobin, .you .lose .the
.buffering .capacity .and .can't .accept .enough .hydrogen .ions .so .pyruvic .acid
.stays .as .lactic .acid .and .disassociates .and .becomes .acidic .and .you .can't
.produce .as .much .ATP .through .metabolism)
blood .groups .and .types .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-Type .A
Type .B
Type .AB
Type .O
Type .A .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-A .antigen .(glyco-proteins .- .protein .structures
.with .carb .structures .to .them)
Anti-B .antibody: .made .by .the .liver .and .ride .on .the .plasma .cells
, Type .B .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-B .antigen
Anti-A .antibody
Type .AB .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-both .A .and .B .antigens
neither .antibody
"universal .recipients": .can .take .A .or .B .type
Type .O .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-O: .Neither .A .nor .B .antigen
both .Anti-A .and .Anti-B .antibodies
"universal .donors": .give .blood .to .anyone .due .to .lack .of .antigens
heart .myocardium .is .comporised .of .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-myocardial .muscle
.cells .and .connective .tissue
cardiac .muscle .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-super .slow .muscle .(super .Type .I .- .slow
.oxidative) .
lots .of .mitochondria, .capacity .for .aerobic .metabolism, .ability .to .metabolize
.lipids .as .an .energy .source
inter-connected .in .an .electrical .synergy .and .if .you .send .a .signal .to .one
.myocardial .muscle .cell, .it .will .pass .it .on .to .the .ones .around .it
the .more .myocardial .muscle .cells, .the .stronger .the .tissue
bi-directional .contraction .- .goes .in .multiple .directions .unlike .skeletal .muscle
.(atriums .push .down .and .ventricles .push .down)
the .vast .majority .of .myocardial .muscle .tissue .is .in .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-the
.ventricles .of .the .heart .
vast .majority .of .the .ventricle .is .in .the .left .vs. .the .right
atriums .have .minimal .myocardial .muscle .tissue .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-not
.effective .pumps, .the .ventricles .are .
have .a .heart .attack .in .the .atrium .not .the .ventricles
priming .pumps
low .pressure .pumping .- .CORRECT .ANSWER .-right .atrium .and .ventricle .(pump
.to .lung)
