GNRS 582 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - Answers - fluid inside cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - Answers - -fluid outside cells
-mostly interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid (blood plasma), or lymph
Intravascular fluid (IVF) - Answers - fluid within blood vessels
interstitial fluid (IF) - Answers - fluid between cells
Hydrostatic-Oncotic Pressure Interactions - Answers - - helps maintain normal blood
pressure
-Hydrostatic pressure on arterial end pushes material out of capillary. As water in blood
declines, proteins exert oncotic pressure. Higher oncotic pressure of blood on venous
end pulls water back in. Some fluid remains in tissues and becomes lymph.
Causes of edema - Answers - -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (heart failure,
venous obstruction)
-Increased capillary permeability (injury leading to inflammation)
-Increased tissue oncotic pressure (lymph obstruction)
-decreased capillary oncotic pressure
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - Answers - a hormone cascade pathway that
helps regulate blood pressure and increase blood volume
renin - Answers - -hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure
- activates secretion of angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 - Answers - -formed by conversion of angiotensinogen by renin
-causes vasoconstriction and in increase in blood pressure
-is converted to angiotensin 2 in the lungs
Angiotensin II - Answers - -increases blood pressure
-constricting blood vessels to increase pressure
-Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium and water
-stimulate kidney (adrenal cortex) secrete aldosterone
-stimulate the pituitary to release ADH (vasopressin)
Aldosterone - Answers - Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and
water
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - Answers - A hormone produced by the pituitary gland
when the body is dehydrated. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the
blood making the urine more concentrated.
, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - Answers - -converts angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
-located in lungs and blood vessels
hyperosmolality - Answers - -increased concentration of solutes within the fluid
Homeostasis - Answers - the body
acid-base balance - Answers - the equilibrium in the body between acid and base
concentrations
buffer system - Answers - - a bodies way of compensating for acidosis
-respiratory system
-kidneys
-bones
acidotic - Answers - CO2 is too high
alkalotic - Answers - CO2 is too low
compensation for pH too high - Answers - -person will hypoventilate
-CO2 increases
-pH goes down
compensation for pH too low - Answers - -person will hyperventilate
-CO2 decreases
-pH goes up
bicarbonate buffering system - Answers - chemical reactions that regulate blood pH,
keeping it within a normal range
respiratory buffering system - Answers - -minutes to respond: ventilation rids the body
of CO2 and rids of H2CO3 (a H+ donor) before H+ disassociate and alter the pH
sodium - Answers - water moves where_______moves
serious clinical manifestations of Hypernatremia - Answers - -shrinking brain cells
-hyperreflexia
-cerebral hemorrhage
-seizures
-muscle twitching
serious clinical manifestations of Hyponatremia - Answers - -seizure
-coma
-decrease ability to depolarize and repolarize
-muscle twitching
Intracellular fluid (ICF) - Answers - fluid inside cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - Answers - -fluid outside cells
-mostly interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid (blood plasma), or lymph
Intravascular fluid (IVF) - Answers - fluid within blood vessels
interstitial fluid (IF) - Answers - fluid between cells
Hydrostatic-Oncotic Pressure Interactions - Answers - - helps maintain normal blood
pressure
-Hydrostatic pressure on arterial end pushes material out of capillary. As water in blood
declines, proteins exert oncotic pressure. Higher oncotic pressure of blood on venous
end pulls water back in. Some fluid remains in tissues and becomes lymph.
Causes of edema - Answers - -Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (heart failure,
venous obstruction)
-Increased capillary permeability (injury leading to inflammation)
-Increased tissue oncotic pressure (lymph obstruction)
-decreased capillary oncotic pressure
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - Answers - a hormone cascade pathway that
helps regulate blood pressure and increase blood volume
renin - Answers - -hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure
- activates secretion of angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 - Answers - -formed by conversion of angiotensinogen by renin
-causes vasoconstriction and in increase in blood pressure
-is converted to angiotensin 2 in the lungs
Angiotensin II - Answers - -increases blood pressure
-constricting blood vessels to increase pressure
-Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium and water
-stimulate kidney (adrenal cortex) secrete aldosterone
-stimulate the pituitary to release ADH (vasopressin)
Aldosterone - Answers - Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and
water
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - Answers - A hormone produced by the pituitary gland
when the body is dehydrated. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the
blood making the urine more concentrated.
, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - Answers - -converts angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
-located in lungs and blood vessels
hyperosmolality - Answers - -increased concentration of solutes within the fluid
Homeostasis - Answers - the body
acid-base balance - Answers - the equilibrium in the body between acid and base
concentrations
buffer system - Answers - - a bodies way of compensating for acidosis
-respiratory system
-kidneys
-bones
acidotic - Answers - CO2 is too high
alkalotic - Answers - CO2 is too low
compensation for pH too high - Answers - -person will hypoventilate
-CO2 increases
-pH goes down
compensation for pH too low - Answers - -person will hyperventilate
-CO2 decreases
-pH goes up
bicarbonate buffering system - Answers - chemical reactions that regulate blood pH,
keeping it within a normal range
respiratory buffering system - Answers - -minutes to respond: ventilation rids the body
of CO2 and rids of H2CO3 (a H+ donor) before H+ disassociate and alter the pH
sodium - Answers - water moves where_______moves
serious clinical manifestations of Hypernatremia - Answers - -shrinking brain cells
-hyperreflexia
-cerebral hemorrhage
-seizures
-muscle twitching
serious clinical manifestations of Hyponatremia - Answers - -seizure
-coma
-decrease ability to depolarize and repolarize
-muscle twitching
