GNRS 582 RENAL SYSTEM EXAM
· Blood pressure regulation
· pH + electrolyte regulation
· Elimination
· Metabolic activity
· RBC production - Answers - functions of the kidney
1. Filters plasma at glomerulus
2. Forms a filtrate of protein-free fluid (ultrafiltration)
3. Reabsorbs & secretes different substances along tubular structures
4. Regulates the filtrate to maintain body fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and pH
within narrow limits - Answers - functions of nephron
glomerulus - Answers - where is the site of filtration
RAAS system - Answers - important neuroendocrine process that involves multiple
organs: kidney, lungs, pituitary gland, neurologic and cardiovascular system
angiotensin II - Answers - increase aldosterone + ADH
increase vasoconstriction
increase thirst
increase Na which increases H2O
constricts resistance vessels
acts on adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
release vasopressin
stimulates sodium transport
facilitates norepinephrine release - Answers - functions of angiotensin II
autoregulation - Answers - consistent blood flow and GFR are constantly maintained
as long as the MAP remains between 80-180
begins to fail when MAP is <80 or >180
BUN, creatinine
UA - pH, proteinuria, microalbuminuria, specific gravity, osmolality - Answers - renal
labs
decreased perfusion = decreased filtration rate
If perfusion is decreased or sympathetic nervous system stimulated, blood flow is
directed from the cortex towards the medulla - Answers - What are the effects of
decreased perfusion in the kidney?
creatinine reflects GFR - Answers - relationship between creatinine, GFR
, BUN related to GFR but influenced by:
protein intake, GI bleeding, hydration - Answers - relationship between BUN and GFR
1. blood flow
2. surface area
3. permeability
4. hydrostatic pressure
5. oncotic pressure - Answers - GFR is dependent on (3)
GFR - Answers - best estimate of renal function
10:1 - Answers - normal BUN/creatinine ratio
intrarenal or postrenal - Answers - If increased BUN and increased CREATININE
maintain the 10:1 ratio then disorder is likely
prerenal - Answers - If BUN/ / creatinine ratio is GREATER than 10:1 then cause is
most likely..
Specific gravity - Answers - Measures weight of solutes in urine
Urine osmolality - Answers - Measures the concentration of solutes in urine
passive transport - Answers - ____ in the tubule depends on changes in concentration
gradients and does not require energy.
urea - Answers - passive transport example: ____ diffuses across the semipermeable
membrane of the tubule and re-enters the plasma to achieve a balance
active transport - Answers - requires energy in form of ATP
substance combines with a carrier and is transported
transport maximum - Answers - The renal threshold of a substance is the plasma level
of a substance at which none of the substance appears in the urine
When the threshold is exceeded, progressively larger amounts of the substance appear
(spill) in the urine
180 mg/dL - Answers - serum threshold concentration for glucose
120 (mL/min/1.73m2) - Answers - normal GFR
loop diuretic (furosemide) - Answers - Block Na/K/Cl pumps in the thick ascending loop
of henle
May cause potassium loss which can lead to hypokalemia
· Blood pressure regulation
· pH + electrolyte regulation
· Elimination
· Metabolic activity
· RBC production - Answers - functions of the kidney
1. Filters plasma at glomerulus
2. Forms a filtrate of protein-free fluid (ultrafiltration)
3. Reabsorbs & secretes different substances along tubular structures
4. Regulates the filtrate to maintain body fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and pH
within narrow limits - Answers - functions of nephron
glomerulus - Answers - where is the site of filtration
RAAS system - Answers - important neuroendocrine process that involves multiple
organs: kidney, lungs, pituitary gland, neurologic and cardiovascular system
angiotensin II - Answers - increase aldosterone + ADH
increase vasoconstriction
increase thirst
increase Na which increases H2O
constricts resistance vessels
acts on adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
release vasopressin
stimulates sodium transport
facilitates norepinephrine release - Answers - functions of angiotensin II
autoregulation - Answers - consistent blood flow and GFR are constantly maintained
as long as the MAP remains between 80-180
begins to fail when MAP is <80 or >180
BUN, creatinine
UA - pH, proteinuria, microalbuminuria, specific gravity, osmolality - Answers - renal
labs
decreased perfusion = decreased filtration rate
If perfusion is decreased or sympathetic nervous system stimulated, blood flow is
directed from the cortex towards the medulla - Answers - What are the effects of
decreased perfusion in the kidney?
creatinine reflects GFR - Answers - relationship between creatinine, GFR
, BUN related to GFR but influenced by:
protein intake, GI bleeding, hydration - Answers - relationship between BUN and GFR
1. blood flow
2. surface area
3. permeability
4. hydrostatic pressure
5. oncotic pressure - Answers - GFR is dependent on (3)
GFR - Answers - best estimate of renal function
10:1 - Answers - normal BUN/creatinine ratio
intrarenal or postrenal - Answers - If increased BUN and increased CREATININE
maintain the 10:1 ratio then disorder is likely
prerenal - Answers - If BUN/ / creatinine ratio is GREATER than 10:1 then cause is
most likely..
Specific gravity - Answers - Measures weight of solutes in urine
Urine osmolality - Answers - Measures the concentration of solutes in urine
passive transport - Answers - ____ in the tubule depends on changes in concentration
gradients and does not require energy.
urea - Answers - passive transport example: ____ diffuses across the semipermeable
membrane of the tubule and re-enters the plasma to achieve a balance
active transport - Answers - requires energy in form of ATP
substance combines with a carrier and is transported
transport maximum - Answers - The renal threshold of a substance is the plasma level
of a substance at which none of the substance appears in the urine
When the threshold is exceeded, progressively larger amounts of the substance appear
(spill) in the urine
180 mg/dL - Answers - serum threshold concentration for glucose
120 (mL/min/1.73m2) - Answers - normal GFR
loop diuretic (furosemide) - Answers - Block Na/K/Cl pumps in the thick ascending loop
of henle
May cause potassium loss which can lead to hypokalemia
