Knowledge for Nursing Practice
BNKN602 Latest Update With
Complete Solutions 2025
V/Q mismatch CORRECT ANSWERS Ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) is a ratio
used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables =
ventilation (V) and perfusion (P)
Mechanical insufficiency CORRECT ANSWERS Structural damage- Nervous System
(alter resp rate and depth), Muscles (Abdo, intercoastal, diaphragm- (impact
intrathoracic vol= dec pressure to exchange air), Airway obstruction- physiological and
foreign objects (inflammation, obstructions) Medication- CNS Depressant.
functional insufficiency CORRECT ANSWERS Affecting gas exchange- Cardiac
comprimise (reducing ability to carry o2 due to reduce Cardiac output), PE (decreased
pul perfusion), HB (oxygen carried on HB), Tumor, Infection (fill alveolar space
increasing diffusion distance), COPD (Compliance- decreased stretch and expand,
Resistance of resp tract during inspiration and exhalation, surface area- loss of
surfactant decrease surface area for gas exchange)
Bronchodilators CORRECT ANSWERS Short acting Relievers- 4-6 hrs, rapid onset 5-
10 min, acute asthma attack, salbutamol+ Terbutaline. Long acting- 12 hrs, slow onset,
not for acute symptoms, salmeterol+Eformoteril.
Inhaled Corticosteroids CORRECT ANSWERS potent anti-inflammatory agents,
inhalation prevents system adverse effects, Flucticasone+Beclomethasone, prevents
hypersensitiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to irritants, taken continuously.
Ventricular Tachycardia CORRECT ANSWERS Absence of P waves. QRS complex is
wide and fast
Ventricular Fibrillation CORRECT ANSWERS rapid disorganised contraction of the
ventricles
Two key points in relation to identifying Atrial Fibrillation CORRECT ANSWERS •Atrial
Fibrillation (AF) - completely disorganised atrial electrical activity
•Impulses arise from the SA node and other sites in the atria
•Conduction through the AV node is irregular and usually fast
•There are no P waves and it is irregular
•Instead of a P wave - it has uneven fibrillatory lines (F waves) before the QRS complex
What are the two categories of cardiovascular disease prevention? CORRECT
ANSWERS Modifiable (Being overweight or obese, Smoking)
, Non- Modifiable (Having a family history of early heart disease,Having a history of
preeclampsia during pregnancy, Age)
Rheumatic Fever CORRECT ANSWERS Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease
that results from a Group A Streptococcus. If untreated, it may develop into rheumatic
heart disease and go onto damage the heart → valve/s may need to be replaced
Coronary artery disease (CAD) CORRECT ANSWERS angina, myocardial infarction
Angina CORRECT ANSWERS •Angina is the symptom of reversible myocardial
ischaemia
•It occurs due to a stable lesion / plaque in the coronary artery
Myocardial Infarction CORRECT ANSWERS •Results from sustained ischaemia or
sudden complete blockage of the coronary artery
•Myocardial tissue distal to the obstruction dies
•Can be partial thickness (NSTEMI) or full thickness (transmural) (STEMI)
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) CORRECT ANSWERS •Group of clinical symptoms
that are consistent with acute myocardial ischaemia. Unless interventions are applied
promptly ACS can result in myocardial death
What is the underlying pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome? CORRECT
ANSWERS •ACS is the term for an imbalance of O2 supply & demand. The underlying
pathophysiology is atherosclerosis which can lead to plaque rupture and thrombus
formation
Define STEMI CORRECT ANSWERS ST elevation myocardial infarction
Define NSTEMI CORRECT ANSWERS Complete obstruction of a minor coronary
artery, or a partial occlusion of a major CA. Causes partial thickness damage of ❤️
muscle. • Not visible on an ECG
Name three medications commonly used in management of chest pain CORRECT
ANSWERS GTN
Morphine sulphate
Aspirin
Classes and actions of Aspirin CORRECT ANSWERS •Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug - it
reduces platelet activation and aggregation at the thrombus site in the coronary artery
Classes and actions of Morphine Sulphate CORRECT ANSWERS •An opioid acting
primarily on receptors that perceive pain, morphine also acts as a vasodilator, reducing
ventricular preload and cardiac oxygen requirements
BNKN602 Latest Update With
Complete Solutions 2025
V/Q mismatch CORRECT ANSWERS Ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) is a ratio
used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables =
ventilation (V) and perfusion (P)
Mechanical insufficiency CORRECT ANSWERS Structural damage- Nervous System
(alter resp rate and depth), Muscles (Abdo, intercoastal, diaphragm- (impact
intrathoracic vol= dec pressure to exchange air), Airway obstruction- physiological and
foreign objects (inflammation, obstructions) Medication- CNS Depressant.
functional insufficiency CORRECT ANSWERS Affecting gas exchange- Cardiac
comprimise (reducing ability to carry o2 due to reduce Cardiac output), PE (decreased
pul perfusion), HB (oxygen carried on HB), Tumor, Infection (fill alveolar space
increasing diffusion distance), COPD (Compliance- decreased stretch and expand,
Resistance of resp tract during inspiration and exhalation, surface area- loss of
surfactant decrease surface area for gas exchange)
Bronchodilators CORRECT ANSWERS Short acting Relievers- 4-6 hrs, rapid onset 5-
10 min, acute asthma attack, salbutamol+ Terbutaline. Long acting- 12 hrs, slow onset,
not for acute symptoms, salmeterol+Eformoteril.
Inhaled Corticosteroids CORRECT ANSWERS potent anti-inflammatory agents,
inhalation prevents system adverse effects, Flucticasone+Beclomethasone, prevents
hypersensitiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to irritants, taken continuously.
Ventricular Tachycardia CORRECT ANSWERS Absence of P waves. QRS complex is
wide and fast
Ventricular Fibrillation CORRECT ANSWERS rapid disorganised contraction of the
ventricles
Two key points in relation to identifying Atrial Fibrillation CORRECT ANSWERS •Atrial
Fibrillation (AF) - completely disorganised atrial electrical activity
•Impulses arise from the SA node and other sites in the atria
•Conduction through the AV node is irregular and usually fast
•There are no P waves and it is irregular
•Instead of a P wave - it has uneven fibrillatory lines (F waves) before the QRS complex
What are the two categories of cardiovascular disease prevention? CORRECT
ANSWERS Modifiable (Being overweight or obese, Smoking)
, Non- Modifiable (Having a family history of early heart disease,Having a history of
preeclampsia during pregnancy, Age)
Rheumatic Fever CORRECT ANSWERS Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease
that results from a Group A Streptococcus. If untreated, it may develop into rheumatic
heart disease and go onto damage the heart → valve/s may need to be replaced
Coronary artery disease (CAD) CORRECT ANSWERS angina, myocardial infarction
Angina CORRECT ANSWERS •Angina is the symptom of reversible myocardial
ischaemia
•It occurs due to a stable lesion / plaque in the coronary artery
Myocardial Infarction CORRECT ANSWERS •Results from sustained ischaemia or
sudden complete blockage of the coronary artery
•Myocardial tissue distal to the obstruction dies
•Can be partial thickness (NSTEMI) or full thickness (transmural) (STEMI)
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) CORRECT ANSWERS •Group of clinical symptoms
that are consistent with acute myocardial ischaemia. Unless interventions are applied
promptly ACS can result in myocardial death
What is the underlying pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome? CORRECT
ANSWERS •ACS is the term for an imbalance of O2 supply & demand. The underlying
pathophysiology is atherosclerosis which can lead to plaque rupture and thrombus
formation
Define STEMI CORRECT ANSWERS ST elevation myocardial infarction
Define NSTEMI CORRECT ANSWERS Complete obstruction of a minor coronary
artery, or a partial occlusion of a major CA. Causes partial thickness damage of ❤️
muscle. • Not visible on an ECG
Name three medications commonly used in management of chest pain CORRECT
ANSWERS GTN
Morphine sulphate
Aspirin
Classes and actions of Aspirin CORRECT ANSWERS •Aspirin is an antiplatelet drug - it
reduces platelet activation and aggregation at the thrombus site in the coronary artery
Classes and actions of Morphine Sulphate CORRECT ANSWERS •An opioid acting
primarily on receptors that perceive pain, morphine also acts as a vasodilator, reducing
ventricular preload and cardiac oxygen requirements
