NUR 213 Final Exam V1
1. Used to lower ammonia levels in hepatic encephalopathy in liver failure: -
Lactulose (evalose)
2. What is the biggest side effect of lactulose? and why?: Biggest side effects is bad diarrhea
as it pulls ammonia out through the stool- clients may need a bedside commode or very close
access to the bathroom
3. Furosemide (Lasix): Biggest side effects to teach for is?: HYPOkalemia and the client
should increase foods with potassium in their diet
-it can also cause dehydration as it increases urine output to lower blood pressure
4. What are some foods high in potassium: Bananas, oranges, spinach, pota-toes, kale
5. What is the normal BUN level?
Levels will be elevated in?: Normal 7-20 mmolL/L:
Levels will be elevated in Kidney damage in AKI, CKD, severe sepsis, shock, and MODS
(MODS will be elevated AND have elevated other organ function levels likeALT, AST, etc. as
it involves multiple organs)
6. Lactic acid/Lactate: normal range is?
What level indicates an increase risk for being septic or going into shock?: -0.5-1mmoL/L-
anything above 4 mmoL/L is at risk of being septic or going into shock(severe sepsis would have
this be elevated along with signs of another organ havingfailure, i.e. elevated BUN or
ALT/AST, etc.)
7. WBC normal range?Higher levels indicate?
Lower levels can be?: 4000 -11000
Higher levels indicate infection and early sepsis, as septic shock ensues it can bereally low
instead
8. ALT: Normal levels?
elevated levels indicate?: 7-56 units per liter: elevations signify liver failureAST: Normal
levels 10-40 units per liter: elevations signify liver failure
9. PT/INR: Normal levels?
will be elevated in --?-- failure due to?: 11-13.5 secs/0.8-1.1 INRLiver failure due to clotting
10. Ammonia levels: will be elevated in?Normal values?: liver failure:
Normal levels 15-45 u/dL
11. Creatinine: Normal levels?
Elevated levels indicate?: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL: elevation signifies kidney damage orfailure
, 12. Urine output: Normal Daily?, hourly?, every 8 hours?: Daily is around 2000mLs daily
83 mLs an hour
667 mLs every 8 hours
13. Decreased urine output in 30 minutes - 1 hour can be an early signof?: Shock or MODS
and should be reported to the provider
14. Albumin: Normal ranges?Low levels indicates?
Important in?: 3.4-5.4 g/dL: in malnutrition this level will be low, important in healingespecially
in burn victims
15. Sodium: Normal range?
When should levels be addressed?: 135-145 mEq/L:
Slight elevations are not a big issue, only when it is extremely high or low does itneed to be
addressed
16. Biggest factors in treatment unintentional injuries are?: :Location, type, andextent of injury
17. Drowning: Best prognosis?
Worse prognosis?: Best prognosis is drowning in ice waterWorse is drowning in sea water
18. What are ways to avoid Accidental poisoning?: All medications should be locked up,
poisons should be stored in high cabinets out of reach of children, and all prescriptions should
be taken as prescribed
19. What is the biggest cause of death across all ages?
What age range is in need of education on safe driving?: MVA is the biggestcause of death
across all ages.
15-24 are the biggest range in need of education on safe driving, avoiding textingand
distractions, and avoiding substance use
20. What is the most dangerous risk for ages 65 and older?: Falls
21. Gunshot wounds: need to evaluate for?: Exit wounds and monitor cardiacoutput as
bleeding that is hidden can manifest as decreased cardiac output
22. Transfusion contraindications?: Contraindications: Fluid overload (pittingedema, crackles
in lungs), severe heart failure
23. Indications for transfusions?: Indications: Hematocrit less than 6 g/dL, trau-ma,
hypovolemic shock, hemophilia and severe bleeding
24. List Reactions to report: TRALI (tachypnea, intercostal retractions, low backpain,
shortness of breath, accessory muscles to breathe- notify provider after stopping blood)
Hemorrhagic (severe rash and allergic reaction)
1. Used to lower ammonia levels in hepatic encephalopathy in liver failure: -
Lactulose (evalose)
2. What is the biggest side effect of lactulose? and why?: Biggest side effects is bad diarrhea
as it pulls ammonia out through the stool- clients may need a bedside commode or very close
access to the bathroom
3. Furosemide (Lasix): Biggest side effects to teach for is?: HYPOkalemia and the client
should increase foods with potassium in their diet
-it can also cause dehydration as it increases urine output to lower blood pressure
4. What are some foods high in potassium: Bananas, oranges, spinach, pota-toes, kale
5. What is the normal BUN level?
Levels will be elevated in?: Normal 7-20 mmolL/L:
Levels will be elevated in Kidney damage in AKI, CKD, severe sepsis, shock, and MODS
(MODS will be elevated AND have elevated other organ function levels likeALT, AST, etc. as
it involves multiple organs)
6. Lactic acid/Lactate: normal range is?
What level indicates an increase risk for being septic or going into shock?: -0.5-1mmoL/L-
anything above 4 mmoL/L is at risk of being septic or going into shock(severe sepsis would have
this be elevated along with signs of another organ havingfailure, i.e. elevated BUN or
ALT/AST, etc.)
7. WBC normal range?Higher levels indicate?
Lower levels can be?: 4000 -11000
Higher levels indicate infection and early sepsis, as septic shock ensues it can bereally low
instead
8. ALT: Normal levels?
elevated levels indicate?: 7-56 units per liter: elevations signify liver failureAST: Normal
levels 10-40 units per liter: elevations signify liver failure
9. PT/INR: Normal levels?
will be elevated in --?-- failure due to?: 11-13.5 secs/0.8-1.1 INRLiver failure due to clotting
10. Ammonia levels: will be elevated in?Normal values?: liver failure:
Normal levels 15-45 u/dL
11. Creatinine: Normal levels?
Elevated levels indicate?: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL: elevation signifies kidney damage orfailure
, 12. Urine output: Normal Daily?, hourly?, every 8 hours?: Daily is around 2000mLs daily
83 mLs an hour
667 mLs every 8 hours
13. Decreased urine output in 30 minutes - 1 hour can be an early signof?: Shock or MODS
and should be reported to the provider
14. Albumin: Normal ranges?Low levels indicates?
Important in?: 3.4-5.4 g/dL: in malnutrition this level will be low, important in healingespecially
in burn victims
15. Sodium: Normal range?
When should levels be addressed?: 135-145 mEq/L:
Slight elevations are not a big issue, only when it is extremely high or low does itneed to be
addressed
16. Biggest factors in treatment unintentional injuries are?: :Location, type, andextent of injury
17. Drowning: Best prognosis?
Worse prognosis?: Best prognosis is drowning in ice waterWorse is drowning in sea water
18. What are ways to avoid Accidental poisoning?: All medications should be locked up,
poisons should be stored in high cabinets out of reach of children, and all prescriptions should
be taken as prescribed
19. What is the biggest cause of death across all ages?
What age range is in need of education on safe driving?: MVA is the biggestcause of death
across all ages.
15-24 are the biggest range in need of education on safe driving, avoiding textingand
distractions, and avoiding substance use
20. What is the most dangerous risk for ages 65 and older?: Falls
21. Gunshot wounds: need to evaluate for?: Exit wounds and monitor cardiacoutput as
bleeding that is hidden can manifest as decreased cardiac output
22. Transfusion contraindications?: Contraindications: Fluid overload (pittingedema, crackles
in lungs), severe heart failure
23. Indications for transfusions?: Indications: Hematocrit less than 6 g/dL, trau-ma,
hypovolemic shock, hemophilia and severe bleeding
24. List Reactions to report: TRALI (tachypnea, intercostal retractions, low backpain,
shortness of breath, accessory muscles to breathe- notify provider after stopping blood)
Hemorrhagic (severe rash and allergic reaction)
