CONTENTS
1. GENERAL PHYSICS ······················································································ 1
1.1. Quantity and Unit ··········································································· 1
1.2. Length and Time ············································································ 2
1.3. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration ························································· 4
1.4. Mass and Weight ··········································································· 10
1.5. Volume and Density ······································································· 12
1.6. Force························································································· 13
1.7. Moment ····················································································· 16
1.8. Work, Energy and Power ································································· 18
1.9. Simple Machines··········································································· 22
2. THERMAL PHYSICS ···················································································· 25
2.1. Kinetic theory ·············································································· 25
2.2. Thermal properties········································································· 27
2.3. Gas laws ···················································································· 30
2.4. Transfer of thermal energy································································ 32
3. PROPERTIES OF WAVES··············································································· 36
3.1. General waves ·············································································· 36
3.2. Sound ························································································ 38
3.3. Light ························································································· 39
4. ELECTRICITY ···························································································· 46
4.1. Static electricity ············································································ 46
4.2. Electric circuit ·············································································· 47
4.3. Practical electricity circuit ································································ 52
5. MAGNETISM ····························································································· 55
5.1. Simple phenomenon of magnetism ······················································ 55
5.2. Electromagnetic effect ···································································· 57
6. INTRODUCTORY ELECTRONICS ··································································· 62
6.1. Electron ····················································································· 62
6.2. C.R.O. ······················································································· 62
7. ATOMIC PHYSICS ······················································································· 64
7.1. Nuclear atom ··············································································· 64
7.2. Radioactivity ··············································································· 65
, 1. GENERAL PHYSICS
1.1. Quantity and Unit
Physical quantities
There are many physical quantities in Physics. These Physical quantities can be divided into two types as shown below;
Type of quantities Base quantity Derived quantity
Mass Speed
Length Volume
Example Time Area
Current Force
Temperature
They have only one SI unit. They can be expressed by combining
Explanation
suitable base quantities.
SI unit
The value of a physical quantity is written as a number by a suitable unit. The International System of Units is adopted in
Physics. The following table shows some of SI units.
Physical quantity SI unit Symbol for unit Example
Length metre m 100m
Mass kilogram kg 60kg
Time second s 30s
Current Ampere A 15A
Temperature Kelvin K 150K
(Basically, units of quantities are shown as SI units or derived SI units in this textbook.)
Prefixes
Sometime a physical quantity is too big or too small to be conveniently expressed in SI units. Then some symbols are used
as the prefixes instead of Zeros or many places. Prefixes are multiples or decimals of ten. The following table shows some
prefixes
Prefixes Symbol Exponent Meaning Example
Mega M 106 1,000,000 3Mm = 3,000,000m
kilo K 103 1,000 5km = 5,000m
centi C 10-2 1/100 (=0.01) 2cm = 0.02m
Milli M 10-3 1/1000 (=0.001) 6mm = 0.006m
Micro Μ 10-6 1/1000000 (=0.000001) 7μm = 0.000007m
Scalar and Vector
Definition A scalar is a quantity having magnitude only.
(e.g. mass, length, area, volume, density, time, distance, speed, energy, temperature, current, voltage...)
Definition A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction.
(e.g. weight, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment...)
1
,1.2. Length and Time
Length
Definition Length is defined as the measurement of something from one end to the other.
SI unit is metre. The symbol of unit is m.
Instruments for measuring length
Instrument Uses for length Accuracy Example of measured objects
Measuring tape Long length 1mm Length of classroom, Height of building
Ruler Medium length 1mm Width of paper, Length of pen
Vernier calipers Short length 0.1mm Diameter of pen, Internal diameter of tube
Micrometer
Very short length 0.01mm Diameter of hair, Thickness of razor blade
screw gauge
Correct (1.3cm)
Ruler and Measuring tape Wrong (1.2cm) Wrong (1.4cm)
How to use the ruler or the measuring tape 0 mark
(1) Put the 0 mark on the end of the object.
0 2
(2) Read the mark at the other end of the object.
Caution to use; Object
The eye must be placed vertically above the mark on the scale.
Inside jaws
Vernier calipers
A pair of vernier calipers is shown in the diagram. Stem
The outside jaws are usually used to measure lengths
of something such as external diameter. And inside
jaws are used to measure internal diameter of a tube
or cylinder.
Main scale
Vernier scale
How to use the vernier calipers
(1) Put an object to be measured between jaws. Outside jaws
(2) Read the main scale before the 0 mark of vernier
scale.
(3) Look at the vernier scale and find a marking on the vernier scale that is in line with the main scale.
(Commonly, the reading on the vernier scale is for the 2nd place of decimal in centimetre.)
(4) Add the main scale reading and the vernier scale reading.
[Example] Step (2)
Main scale reading = 1.2cm
(before the 0 mark of vernier scale.)
1 2
0 5
Step (3)
Step (1)
Vernier scale reading = 0.05cm
Measured object (in line with the main scale)
Step (4)
Main scale reading + vernier scale reading = 1.2 + 0.05 = 1.25 cm
2
, anvil Measured sleeve thimble
Micrometer screw gauge object
A micrometer screw gauge is shown as the
diagram.
How to use the micrometer screw gauge spindle ratchet
Main scale
(1) Thimble is turned until the object is Circular scale
gripped between the anvil and the
spindle very gently. frame
(2) Read the main scale on the sleeve before the edge of thimble.
(3) Look at the circular scale on the thimble. Find a marking on the circular scale that is in line with the horizontal line of
the main scale. (Commonly, each division of circular scale represents a length of 0.01mm)
(4) Add the main scale reading and the circular scale reading.
[Example] Circular scale
15 Step (3)
1 2 3 4 Circular scale reading = 0.12 mm
Main scale (in line with the horizontal line of
Step (2) 10 the main scale.)
Main scale reading = 4.5 mm
(before the edge of thimble.)
Step (4)
Main scale reading + circular scale reading = 4.5 + 0.12 = 4.62 mm
Time
SI unit: second (The symbol is s)
Other units: minute, hour, day, month, year, century
Conversion of the unit
1year = 365days = 8760hours = 525600minutes = 31536000s
1 day = 24hours = 1440minutes = 86400s
1hour = 60minutes = 3600s
1minute = 60s
Instrument for measuring the time → Clock, Watch, Stopwatch, Pendulum
Simple pendulum
The diagram below shows a simple pendulum with length l.
The length l should be from the ceiling to the centre of the bob.
Definition Period (T) is defined as the time taken for one complete oscillation.
(time taken from A to C and back again to A.) l
Formula t
T=
n A C
T: Period [s]
n: number of oscillation B
t: time taken for n oscillation [s]
Experiment : What changes the period of pendulum? One complete oscillation
①standard ②shorter arc ③heavier bob ④shorter string
3
1. GENERAL PHYSICS ······················································································ 1
1.1. Quantity and Unit ··········································································· 1
1.2. Length and Time ············································································ 2
1.3. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration ························································· 4
1.4. Mass and Weight ··········································································· 10
1.5. Volume and Density ······································································· 12
1.6. Force························································································· 13
1.7. Moment ····················································································· 16
1.8. Work, Energy and Power ································································· 18
1.9. Simple Machines··········································································· 22
2. THERMAL PHYSICS ···················································································· 25
2.1. Kinetic theory ·············································································· 25
2.2. Thermal properties········································································· 27
2.3. Gas laws ···················································································· 30
2.4. Transfer of thermal energy································································ 32
3. PROPERTIES OF WAVES··············································································· 36
3.1. General waves ·············································································· 36
3.2. Sound ························································································ 38
3.3. Light ························································································· 39
4. ELECTRICITY ···························································································· 46
4.1. Static electricity ············································································ 46
4.2. Electric circuit ·············································································· 47
4.3. Practical electricity circuit ································································ 52
5. MAGNETISM ····························································································· 55
5.1. Simple phenomenon of magnetism ······················································ 55
5.2. Electromagnetic effect ···································································· 57
6. INTRODUCTORY ELECTRONICS ··································································· 62
6.1. Electron ····················································································· 62
6.2. C.R.O. ······················································································· 62
7. ATOMIC PHYSICS ······················································································· 64
7.1. Nuclear atom ··············································································· 64
7.2. Radioactivity ··············································································· 65
, 1. GENERAL PHYSICS
1.1. Quantity and Unit
Physical quantities
There are many physical quantities in Physics. These Physical quantities can be divided into two types as shown below;
Type of quantities Base quantity Derived quantity
Mass Speed
Length Volume
Example Time Area
Current Force
Temperature
They have only one SI unit. They can be expressed by combining
Explanation
suitable base quantities.
SI unit
The value of a physical quantity is written as a number by a suitable unit. The International System of Units is adopted in
Physics. The following table shows some of SI units.
Physical quantity SI unit Symbol for unit Example
Length metre m 100m
Mass kilogram kg 60kg
Time second s 30s
Current Ampere A 15A
Temperature Kelvin K 150K
(Basically, units of quantities are shown as SI units or derived SI units in this textbook.)
Prefixes
Sometime a physical quantity is too big or too small to be conveniently expressed in SI units. Then some symbols are used
as the prefixes instead of Zeros or many places. Prefixes are multiples or decimals of ten. The following table shows some
prefixes
Prefixes Symbol Exponent Meaning Example
Mega M 106 1,000,000 3Mm = 3,000,000m
kilo K 103 1,000 5km = 5,000m
centi C 10-2 1/100 (=0.01) 2cm = 0.02m
Milli M 10-3 1/1000 (=0.001) 6mm = 0.006m
Micro Μ 10-6 1/1000000 (=0.000001) 7μm = 0.000007m
Scalar and Vector
Definition A scalar is a quantity having magnitude only.
(e.g. mass, length, area, volume, density, time, distance, speed, energy, temperature, current, voltage...)
Definition A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction.
(e.g. weight, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment...)
1
,1.2. Length and Time
Length
Definition Length is defined as the measurement of something from one end to the other.
SI unit is metre. The symbol of unit is m.
Instruments for measuring length
Instrument Uses for length Accuracy Example of measured objects
Measuring tape Long length 1mm Length of classroom, Height of building
Ruler Medium length 1mm Width of paper, Length of pen
Vernier calipers Short length 0.1mm Diameter of pen, Internal diameter of tube
Micrometer
Very short length 0.01mm Diameter of hair, Thickness of razor blade
screw gauge
Correct (1.3cm)
Ruler and Measuring tape Wrong (1.2cm) Wrong (1.4cm)
How to use the ruler or the measuring tape 0 mark
(1) Put the 0 mark on the end of the object.
0 2
(2) Read the mark at the other end of the object.
Caution to use; Object
The eye must be placed vertically above the mark on the scale.
Inside jaws
Vernier calipers
A pair of vernier calipers is shown in the diagram. Stem
The outside jaws are usually used to measure lengths
of something such as external diameter. And inside
jaws are used to measure internal diameter of a tube
or cylinder.
Main scale
Vernier scale
How to use the vernier calipers
(1) Put an object to be measured between jaws. Outside jaws
(2) Read the main scale before the 0 mark of vernier
scale.
(3) Look at the vernier scale and find a marking on the vernier scale that is in line with the main scale.
(Commonly, the reading on the vernier scale is for the 2nd place of decimal in centimetre.)
(4) Add the main scale reading and the vernier scale reading.
[Example] Step (2)
Main scale reading = 1.2cm
(before the 0 mark of vernier scale.)
1 2
0 5
Step (3)
Step (1)
Vernier scale reading = 0.05cm
Measured object (in line with the main scale)
Step (4)
Main scale reading + vernier scale reading = 1.2 + 0.05 = 1.25 cm
2
, anvil Measured sleeve thimble
Micrometer screw gauge object
A micrometer screw gauge is shown as the
diagram.
How to use the micrometer screw gauge spindle ratchet
Main scale
(1) Thimble is turned until the object is Circular scale
gripped between the anvil and the
spindle very gently. frame
(2) Read the main scale on the sleeve before the edge of thimble.
(3) Look at the circular scale on the thimble. Find a marking on the circular scale that is in line with the horizontal line of
the main scale. (Commonly, each division of circular scale represents a length of 0.01mm)
(4) Add the main scale reading and the circular scale reading.
[Example] Circular scale
15 Step (3)
1 2 3 4 Circular scale reading = 0.12 mm
Main scale (in line with the horizontal line of
Step (2) 10 the main scale.)
Main scale reading = 4.5 mm
(before the edge of thimble.)
Step (4)
Main scale reading + circular scale reading = 4.5 + 0.12 = 4.62 mm
Time
SI unit: second (The symbol is s)
Other units: minute, hour, day, month, year, century
Conversion of the unit
1year = 365days = 8760hours = 525600minutes = 31536000s
1 day = 24hours = 1440minutes = 86400s
1hour = 60minutes = 3600s
1minute = 60s
Instrument for measuring the time → Clock, Watch, Stopwatch, Pendulum
Simple pendulum
The diagram below shows a simple pendulum with length l.
The length l should be from the ceiling to the centre of the bob.
Definition Period (T) is defined as the time taken for one complete oscillation.
(time taken from A to C and back again to A.) l
Formula t
T=
n A C
T: Period [s]
n: number of oscillation B
t: time taken for n oscillation [s]
Experiment : What changes the period of pendulum? One complete oscillation
①standard ②shorter arc ③heavier bob ④shorter string
3
