Micro Chapter 15 (Exam 4) with correct
answers
phenotypic |testing |- |ANSWER-macroscopic |& |microscopic |morphology, |physiology, |& |biochemistry
- |observation |of |traits |that |an |organism |is |expressing
- |types |of |enzymatic |activities |it |can |carry |out
- |physical |conditions |it |thrives |in
- |antibiotics |it |is |susceptible |to
- |chemical |composition |of |its |walls |and/or |membranes
phenotypic |testing: |immediate |direct |examination |of |specimen |- |ANSWER-direct |microscopic |
observation |of |fresh |or |stained |specimen
- |rapidly |presumed |or |confirms |microbial |characteristics
stains |most |often |used: |gram |stain |& |acid-fast
phenotypic |testing: |specialized |media |- |ANSWER-used |to |enrich |a |pathogen |present |in |small |numbers |
or |easily |overgrown |(important |clinically, |fastidious |bacteria)
phenotypic |testing: |selective |media |- |ANSWER-used |for |nonsterile |specimens |containing |a |diversity |of |
bacterial |species |to |encourage |growth |of |only |the |suspected |pathogen
phenotypic |testing: |differential |media |- |ANSWER-used |to |identify |definitive |characteristics |& |
fermentation |patterns
phenotypic |testing: |dichotomous |key |- |ANSWER-flowchart |used |to |identify |specimens
combines |results |of |gram |staining, |growth |on |differential |media, |& |simple |enzymatic |tests
phenotypic |testing: |biochemical |testing |- |ANSWER-best |way |to |differentiate |between |organisms: |
METABOLISM
physiological |reactions |of |bacteria |to |nutrients |& |other |substrates
provides |evidence |of |enzyme |systems |present |in |a |species
based |on |enzyme-mediated |metabolic |reactions |visualized |by |a |color |change
(Enteropluri |test)
phenotypic |testing: |antimicrobial |susceptibility |testing |- |ANSWER-useful |in |determining |drugs |to |select
|in |treatment |(determines |susceptibility |with |critical |increase |in |antimicrobial |resistance)
, most |automated |phenotypic |systems |incorporate |antimicrobial |susceptibility |testing |during |pathogen |
identification
(Kirby-Bauer |test)
phenotypic |testing: |phage |typing |- |ANSWER-bacteriophage |infect |bacteria |in |a |species-specific |& |
strain-specific |way
bacterial |lawn |is |inoculated |onto |agar, |mapped |off |into |blocks, |& |phage |are |exposed |to |each |block
cleared |areas |corresponding |to |lysed |cells |indicate |sensitivity |to |that |phage
bacteriophage |specificity |has |been |used |to |create |sensitive |& |rapid |diagnostic |tests
drawbacks |of |phenotypic |testing |- |ANSWER-takes |a |minimum |of |18-24 |hours |for |a |microbe |to |be |
cultured
infections |can |be |caused |by |nonculturable |organisms
SEE |SLIDE |21!! |- |ANSWER-
immunologic |testing |- |ANSWER-serological |analysis |(analysis |of |microbe |using |antibodies, |or |of |
patients' |antibodies |using |prepackaged |antigens)
- |lab |kits |are |available |for |immediate |identification |of |a |number |of |pathogens |(rapid, |doesn't |require |
training)
serology |- |ANSWER-involves |in |vitro |testing |of |serum, |urine, |cerebrospinal |fluid, |whole |tissues, |& |
saliva |for |the |presence |of |specific |antibodies
the |presence |of |antibodies |in |serology |testing |can |reveal... |- |ANSWER-...the |history |of |a |patient's |
contact |with |microorganisms |or |other |antigens |(bc |antibodies |have |an |extreme |specificity |for |
antigens)
importance |being |able |to |visualize |interaction |of |antigens |& |antibodies |(macroscopically |or |
microscopically) |in |serology |- |ANSWER-powerful |tool |for |detecting, |identifying, |& |quantifying |them
used |to |determine |the |immunologic |status |of |patients, |confirm |a |suspected |diagnosis, |& |screen |
individuals |for |disease
blood |plasma |- |ANSWER-liquid |component |of |whole |blood |(no |blood |cells)
contains |proteins |& |other |soluble |components |of |whole |blood |(glucose, |clotting |factors, |electrolytes, |
hormones, |CO2 |and |O2)
around |95% |H2O
purpose |of |blood |plasma |- |ANSWER-keeps |electrolytes |balanced |& |protects |body |from |infection |& |
other |blood-related |disorders
how |is |blood |plasma |separated |from |whole |blood? |- |ANSWER-centrifugation |of |fresh |blood |containing
|an |anticoagulant
answers
phenotypic |testing |- |ANSWER-macroscopic |& |microscopic |morphology, |physiology, |& |biochemistry
- |observation |of |traits |that |an |organism |is |expressing
- |types |of |enzymatic |activities |it |can |carry |out
- |physical |conditions |it |thrives |in
- |antibiotics |it |is |susceptible |to
- |chemical |composition |of |its |walls |and/or |membranes
phenotypic |testing: |immediate |direct |examination |of |specimen |- |ANSWER-direct |microscopic |
observation |of |fresh |or |stained |specimen
- |rapidly |presumed |or |confirms |microbial |characteristics
stains |most |often |used: |gram |stain |& |acid-fast
phenotypic |testing: |specialized |media |- |ANSWER-used |to |enrich |a |pathogen |present |in |small |numbers |
or |easily |overgrown |(important |clinically, |fastidious |bacteria)
phenotypic |testing: |selective |media |- |ANSWER-used |for |nonsterile |specimens |containing |a |diversity |of |
bacterial |species |to |encourage |growth |of |only |the |suspected |pathogen
phenotypic |testing: |differential |media |- |ANSWER-used |to |identify |definitive |characteristics |& |
fermentation |patterns
phenotypic |testing: |dichotomous |key |- |ANSWER-flowchart |used |to |identify |specimens
combines |results |of |gram |staining, |growth |on |differential |media, |& |simple |enzymatic |tests
phenotypic |testing: |biochemical |testing |- |ANSWER-best |way |to |differentiate |between |organisms: |
METABOLISM
physiological |reactions |of |bacteria |to |nutrients |& |other |substrates
provides |evidence |of |enzyme |systems |present |in |a |species
based |on |enzyme-mediated |metabolic |reactions |visualized |by |a |color |change
(Enteropluri |test)
phenotypic |testing: |antimicrobial |susceptibility |testing |- |ANSWER-useful |in |determining |drugs |to |select
|in |treatment |(determines |susceptibility |with |critical |increase |in |antimicrobial |resistance)
, most |automated |phenotypic |systems |incorporate |antimicrobial |susceptibility |testing |during |pathogen |
identification
(Kirby-Bauer |test)
phenotypic |testing: |phage |typing |- |ANSWER-bacteriophage |infect |bacteria |in |a |species-specific |& |
strain-specific |way
bacterial |lawn |is |inoculated |onto |agar, |mapped |off |into |blocks, |& |phage |are |exposed |to |each |block
cleared |areas |corresponding |to |lysed |cells |indicate |sensitivity |to |that |phage
bacteriophage |specificity |has |been |used |to |create |sensitive |& |rapid |diagnostic |tests
drawbacks |of |phenotypic |testing |- |ANSWER-takes |a |minimum |of |18-24 |hours |for |a |microbe |to |be |
cultured
infections |can |be |caused |by |nonculturable |organisms
SEE |SLIDE |21!! |- |ANSWER-
immunologic |testing |- |ANSWER-serological |analysis |(analysis |of |microbe |using |antibodies, |or |of |
patients' |antibodies |using |prepackaged |antigens)
- |lab |kits |are |available |for |immediate |identification |of |a |number |of |pathogens |(rapid, |doesn't |require |
training)
serology |- |ANSWER-involves |in |vitro |testing |of |serum, |urine, |cerebrospinal |fluid, |whole |tissues, |& |
saliva |for |the |presence |of |specific |antibodies
the |presence |of |antibodies |in |serology |testing |can |reveal... |- |ANSWER-...the |history |of |a |patient's |
contact |with |microorganisms |or |other |antigens |(bc |antibodies |have |an |extreme |specificity |for |
antigens)
importance |being |able |to |visualize |interaction |of |antigens |& |antibodies |(macroscopically |or |
microscopically) |in |serology |- |ANSWER-powerful |tool |for |detecting, |identifying, |& |quantifying |them
used |to |determine |the |immunologic |status |of |patients, |confirm |a |suspected |diagnosis, |& |screen |
individuals |for |disease
blood |plasma |- |ANSWER-liquid |component |of |whole |blood |(no |blood |cells)
contains |proteins |& |other |soluble |components |of |whole |blood |(glucose, |clotting |factors, |electrolytes, |
hormones, |CO2 |and |O2)
around |95% |H2O
purpose |of |blood |plasma |- |ANSWER-keeps |electrolytes |balanced |& |protects |body |from |infection |& |
other |blood-related |disorders
how |is |blood |plasma |separated |from |whole |blood? |- |ANSWER-centrifugation |of |fresh |blood |containing
|an |anticoagulant
