Exam (elaborations) Pathophysiology and diagnostics

A disease that is native to a particular region is called a. pandemic. b. epidemic. c. ethnographic. d. endemic. endemic The major buffer in the extracellular fluid is a. phosphate. b. bicarbonate. c. albumin. d. hemoglobin. bicarbonate 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final Which change in a patient's assessment has the greatest urgency? Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing a. Serum calcium concentration is decreasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort b. Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing c. Serum calcium concentration is increasing; reports constipation; is alert and denies any discomfort d. Serum potassium concentration is decreasing; abdominal distention, but denies any difficulty breathing 2/93 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 3/93 Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of a. thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. b. hyperplasia and deformation of bronchial cartilage. c. loss of alveolar elastin. d. pulmonary edema. thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which a. focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles. b. bleeding from venules fills the subdural space. c. widespread neuronal damage is incurred. d. injury is localized to the site of initial impact. focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 4/93 Manifestations of acute brain ischemia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to a. sympathetic nervous system activation. b. autoregulation of body systems. c. loss of brainstem reflexes. d. parasympathetic nervous system activation. sympathetic nervous system activation Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of a. carbonic acid deficit. b. metabolic acid deficit. c. carbonic acid excess. d. metabolic acidosis. metabolic acid deficit Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of _ ____ in the liver cells. a. ferritin b. acetaminophen c. fat d. bile fat 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 5/93 Steroids may be used in the management of acute exacerbation of symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis, because a. demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms. b. steroids inhibit synaptic degradation of neurotransmitters. c. viral damage can be inhibited. d. steroids reverse the progression of the disease. demyelination is mediated by immune mechanisms The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is a. mental status changes. b. serum potassium. c. serum creatinine. d. blood urea nitrogen. serum creatinine Renal insufficiency occurs when ___ of the nephrons are not functional. a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% to 90% d. more than 90% 75% to 90% 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 6/93 Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include a. cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness. b. confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures. c. thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea. d. weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate. weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 7/93 Which is not considered to be a risk factor for thrombus formation? a. Vascular trauma b. Thrombocytopenia c. Circulatory shock d. Stasis of blood flow Thrombocytopenia The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed a. neurotransmission. b. nociception. c. sensitization. d. proprioception. nociception A patient with pure left- sided heart failure is likely to exhibit a. hepatomegaly. b. jugular vein distention. c. peripheral edema. d. pulmonary congestion with dyspnea. pulmonary congestion with dyspnea 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 8/93 Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because a. body fats are catabolized. b. lipids are not excreted in the urine. c. hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids. d. muscles stop burning triglycerides for energy. hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids Enteropathic arthritis is associated with a. irritable bowel syndrome. b. chronic constipation. c. inflammatory bowel disease. d. chronic diarrhea. inflammatory bowel disease Which disorder is considered a primary immunodeficiency disease? a. Malnutrition immunodeficiency b. Cancer immunodeficiency c. Radiation immunodeficiency d. HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 9/93 A patient presents to the physician's office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of __ years. a. 15 and 18 b. 6 months and 2 c. 25 and 45 d. 4 and 7 4 and 7 A patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache. a. migraine b. tension c. chronic d. sinus migraine Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of a. pancreatitis. b. gastric ulcer. c. dysphagia. d. cardiac angina. gastric ulcer 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with a. polycystic renal disease. b. proteinuria. c. increased serum creatinine. d. recurrent cystitis. recurrent cystitis 10/93 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 11/93 A patient, age 3, has vesicoureteral reflux. "Why does that make him have so many bladder infections?" asks his mother. The nurse's best response is a. "When he urinates, urine stays in his bladder and the normal bacteria that live in the bladder have a chance to grow and cause a bladder infection." b. "When he urinates, urine leaks into his bowel and bacteria from the bowel leak into the bladder, where they grow and make a bladder infection." c. "When he urinates, urine runs back toward his kidneys and then into the bladder again, making it easy for bacteria to grow if they reach the bladder." d. "When he urinates, the urine makes a fluid trail to the bladder, and if he does not clean himself well, bacteria will enter and make a bladder infection." "When he urinates, urine runs back toward his kidneys and then into the bladder again, making it easy for bacteria to grow if they reach the bladder." 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 12/93 _ ____ is the most powerful predictor of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. a. Cardiovascular disease b. Sedentary lifestyle c. Obesity d. Aging Obesity The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is a. hydronephrosis. b. anuria. c. kidney stone formation. d. dilation of the urethra. hydronephrosis A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). b. central perfusion pressure (CPP). c. intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. d. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 13/93 A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of a. angina. b. arthrosclerosis. c. myocardial infarction. d. hypertensive crisis. hypertensive crisis Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with a. IgE-mediated airway inflammation. b. hyporesponsiveness of airways. c. unknown precipitating factors. d. irreversible airway obstruction. IgE-mediated airway inflammation Jaundice is a common manifestation of a. cholecystitis. b. malabsorption syndromes. c. anemia. d. liver disease. liver disease 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 14/93 It is useful to conceptualize pain physiology according to the four stages because each stage provides an opportunity for a. education. b. intervention. c. stimulation. d. documentation. intervention A patient with metastatic lung cancer wants to know her chances for survival. Which response is correct? a. "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate." b. "Lung cancer death rate has decreased significantly, as with all other cancers." c. "Lung cancer is always fatal." d. "Lung cancer is highly curable when diagnosed early." "Lung cancer has about a 15% survival rate." 7/13/25, 10:33 PM Pathophysiology: Check Your Understanding: Final 15/93 The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is a. Paget disease. b. rickets. c. osteopenia. d. osteosarcoma. rickets The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include a. skeletal muscle rigidity and intention tremor. b. rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity. c. intention tremor and akinesia. d. ataxia and intention tremor. rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity