MIC 102 EXAMS SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔staphylococcus - ✔✔cluster of coccus
✔✔bacillus - ✔✔single rod
✔✔diplobacillus - ✔✔pair of rods
✔✔streptobacillus - ✔✔chain of rods
✔✔palisade - ✔✔V or L shaped formation of rods
✔✔spirillum - ✔✔spiral
✔✔spirochete - ✔✔long, loose helical spiral
✔✔plasma membrane - ✔✔- selectively permeable barrier
- mechanical boundary of cell
- nutrient and waste transport
- location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis)
- detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis
✔✔gas vacuole - ✔✔an inclusion that provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic
environments
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔protein synthesis
✔✔Inclusions - ✔✔- storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances
- site of chemical reactions (microcompartments)
- movement
✔✔nucleoid - ✔✔localization of genetic material (DNA)
✔✔periplasmic space - ✔✔- gram-negative: hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for
nutrient processing and uptake
- gram-positive: may be smaller or absent
✔✔cell wall - ✔✔- protection from osmotic stress
- helps maintain cell shape
✔✔capsules and slime layers function - ✔✔- resistance to phagocytosis
- adherence to surfaces
, ✔✔fimbriae and pili - ✔✔- attachment to surfaces
- bacterial conjugation and transformation
- twitching
✔✔flagella - ✔✔- swimming and swarming mobility
✔✔endospore - ✔✔- survival under harsh environmental conditions
✔✔which cannot diffuse across a phospholipid bilayer? - ✔✔large uncharged polar
molecules and ions
✔✔isotonic solution - ✔✔water equilibrium, solute concentration same on inside and
outside
✔✔hypertonic solution - ✔✔water leaves (shrivel), outside more solute
✔✔hypotonic solution - ✔✔water enters (expand), inside more solute
✔✔water moves from ___ to ___ solute concentration - ✔✔low to high
✔✔cell walls protect against ... - ✔✔osmotic stress
✔✔gram-positive cell envelope - ✔✔- thick peptidoglycan cell wall, plasma membrane
- only inner
- strong and thick
✔✔gram-negative cell envelope - ✔✔- outer membrane, peptidoglycan, plasma
membrane
- periplasmic space
- outer and inner membrane
- less strong
✔✔peptidoglycan aka ... - ✔✔murein
✔✔gram-positive staining - ✔✔purple
thick peptidoglycan holds on to the dye
✔✔gram-negative staining - ✔✔dye washes off
✔✔gram-___ is more complex - ✔✔negative
✔✔lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - ✔✔outer membrane component of gram-negative
✔✔LPS has lipid A, which is ... - ✔✔highly conserved
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔staphylococcus - ✔✔cluster of coccus
✔✔bacillus - ✔✔single rod
✔✔diplobacillus - ✔✔pair of rods
✔✔streptobacillus - ✔✔chain of rods
✔✔palisade - ✔✔V or L shaped formation of rods
✔✔spirillum - ✔✔spiral
✔✔spirochete - ✔✔long, loose helical spiral
✔✔plasma membrane - ✔✔- selectively permeable barrier
- mechanical boundary of cell
- nutrient and waste transport
- location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis)
- detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis
✔✔gas vacuole - ✔✔an inclusion that provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic
environments
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔protein synthesis
✔✔Inclusions - ✔✔- storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances
- site of chemical reactions (microcompartments)
- movement
✔✔nucleoid - ✔✔localization of genetic material (DNA)
✔✔periplasmic space - ✔✔- gram-negative: hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for
nutrient processing and uptake
- gram-positive: may be smaller or absent
✔✔cell wall - ✔✔- protection from osmotic stress
- helps maintain cell shape
✔✔capsules and slime layers function - ✔✔- resistance to phagocytosis
- adherence to surfaces
, ✔✔fimbriae and pili - ✔✔- attachment to surfaces
- bacterial conjugation and transformation
- twitching
✔✔flagella - ✔✔- swimming and swarming mobility
✔✔endospore - ✔✔- survival under harsh environmental conditions
✔✔which cannot diffuse across a phospholipid bilayer? - ✔✔large uncharged polar
molecules and ions
✔✔isotonic solution - ✔✔water equilibrium, solute concentration same on inside and
outside
✔✔hypertonic solution - ✔✔water leaves (shrivel), outside more solute
✔✔hypotonic solution - ✔✔water enters (expand), inside more solute
✔✔water moves from ___ to ___ solute concentration - ✔✔low to high
✔✔cell walls protect against ... - ✔✔osmotic stress
✔✔gram-positive cell envelope - ✔✔- thick peptidoglycan cell wall, plasma membrane
- only inner
- strong and thick
✔✔gram-negative cell envelope - ✔✔- outer membrane, peptidoglycan, plasma
membrane
- periplasmic space
- outer and inner membrane
- less strong
✔✔peptidoglycan aka ... - ✔✔murein
✔✔gram-positive staining - ✔✔purple
thick peptidoglycan holds on to the dye
✔✔gram-negative staining - ✔✔dye washes off
✔✔gram-___ is more complex - ✔✔negative
✔✔lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - ✔✔outer membrane component of gram-negative
✔✔LPS has lipid A, which is ... - ✔✔highly conserved
