BIOD 101 Module 2 Exam 2025 Question and answers Updated with 100% accuracy

BIOD 101 Module 2 Exam 2025 Question and answers Updated with 100% accuracy 1. describe covalent bond - ANSWER occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to complete the valence shell of both 2. describe hydrogen bond - ANSWER Hydrogen bonds form between a hydrogen atom that has partial positive charge and another atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, carrying partial negative charge. relatively weak bond 3. True or False; If false, make the statement true: Anions are positively charged ions, and cations are negatively charged ions. - ANSWER False Anions are negatively charged ions and cations are positively charged ions. 4. Which of the following are not one of the organic compounds that make up biomacromolecules? lipids, proteins, ribosomes, carbs - ANSWER ribosomes 5. What are carbohydrates - ANSWER -carbohydrates are also referred to as sugar -Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for organisms -Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 6. Why are lipids unique among the biomacromolecules? - ANSWER Lipids are unique because they are insoluble in water. 7. Why are lipids insoluble in water? - ANSWER Lipids are insoluble in water because they are made up of hydrocarbons which are are non-polar 8. Describe the structure of a phospholipid. - ANSWER A phospholipid contains a polar head connected to a non-polar tail. The polar head contains a phosphate group and is hydrophilic and the non-polar tail contains fatty acid chains and is hydrophobic. 9. Name the functions of proteins as mentioned in the module. - ANSWER -act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions -form antibodies for immune defense -act as transporters and form membrane channels -form cell surface receptors to receive chemical messages -store amino acids -act as a hormone -act as structural molecules for support and movement 10. Describe how the shape of a protein is related to its function - ANSWER Proteins form attachments and interact with other molecules. The shape of a protein determines which molecules each protein can interact with. 11. What are the roles of the two major types of nucleic acids? - ANSWER -DNA: responsible for storing all the genetic information needed for an organism to develop, function, and reproduce -RNA: responsible for translating the genetic information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins 12. Describe the structure of DNA and RNA. - ANSWER Both structures are made up of a chain of nucleotides where the sugar of one nucleotide is linked to the phosphate group of the next. Each nucleotide contains a nitrogen base, a phosphate group and a sugar. DNA has two chains and forms a double alpha helix. RNA has one chain and forms a single alpha helix. 13. What are some of the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ANSWER Prokaryotic cells are small, simple cells, that do not contain a nucleus or organelles Eukaryotic cells are larger, complex cells that contain a nucleus and organelles 14. What organelles of the cells are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins? - ANSWER ribosomes 15. What 3 types of protein fibers make up the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER -Microfilament -microtubules -Intermediate filaments 16. Which type of cell junctions are mechanical structures that wrap around the cell to prevent extracellular fluid from leaking? - ANSWER tight junctions 17. What is the purpose of the cell membrane? - ANSWER The cell membrane provides protection for the cell by controlling what enters and exits the cell and by keeping the intercellular substances separate from the extracellular substances 18. Explain the main difference between passive and active transport and provide an example of each. - ANSWER -Active transport requires an input of energy to transport a substance. Passive transport does not require an input of energy to transport a substance. -Osmosis is a form of passive transport -Sodium-potassium pump is a form of active transport 19. Why is the electrochemical gradient important for cellular function? - ANSWER The electrochemical gradient helps the cell maintain equilibrium 20. Fill-in-the-blank: Amino acids that must be obtained from food in the diet are known as ______, and amino acids that can be manufactured by the human body are known as _________. - ANSWER 1 essential 2 non essential 21. What are the two distinct methods by which particles cross a selectively permeable membrane? - ANSWER passive and active transport 22. What type of lipid is made up of four, fused carbon rungs with attached functional groups that often contain an alcohol? - ANSWER steroids 23. What type of ion carries a negative charge? - ANSWER anion 24. Which double membrane-enclosed organelles are the site of cellular respiration? - ANSWER mitochondria 25. True or False; If false, make the statement true: Passive transport is vital for moving essential nutrients into the cell. Should passive transport stop, the cell would cease to function. - ANSWER False Active transport is vital for moving essential nutrients into the cell. Should active transport stop, the cell would cease to function. 26. What are the four main types of organic molecules that make up biomacromolecules? - ANSWER Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids 27. What type of cell junctions are mechanical structures that wrap around the cell to prevent extracellular fluid from leaking? - ANSWER tight 28. What chemical molecules carry genetic information within the cell? - ANSWER nucleic acid 29. True or False; If false, make the statement true: Trace elements are required only in small quantities. - ANSWER true 30. As part of the cytoskeleton, what role do microtubules serve? - ANSWER Microtubules act as a road for organelles to travel within the cell, they assist in cell motitlity, they provide structural support for the cell, and they form spindles for chromosome seperation. 31. What are the two main components of phospholipids? - ANSWER polar head and non polar tail 32. Fill-in-the-Blank: _____________ is the diffusion of lipid-insoluble molecules across a membrane - ANSWER facilitated diffusion 33. What occurs in a dehydration reaction? - ANSWER dehydration reaction occurs when two molecules are covalently bonded together due to the loss of a water molecule. 34. Name TWO of the four types of passive transport - ANSWER (1) simple diffusion, (2) osmosis (3) filtration, and (4) facilitated diffusion 35. What are the two major components embedded in a cell membrane? - ANSWER phospholipids and proteins 36. What is resting membrane potential? - ANSWER Resting membrane potential is when the chemcial and electrical gradient of a cell is in equalibrium with the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell. 37. List functions of proteins. - ANSWER (1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions, (2) store amino acids, (3) act as hormones (4) form antibodies for immunological defense (5) act as carriers for transport and also form membrane channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to receive chemical messages and (7) act as structural molecules for support and movement 38. Which of the main organic compounds serve as the primary source of fuel for organisms? - ANSWER carbohydrates 39. Explain what happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution. - ANSWER When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will flow out of the cell towards the area of higher solute concentration. This will cause the cell to shrink. 40. Which of the nitrogenous bases can be found in RNA - ANSWER Cytosine adenine uracil guanine CHAPTER 2 1. List the 7 most widely accepted characteristics of living organisms. - ANSWER (1) Order, (2) Evolutionary Adaptation, (3) Regulation, (4) Energy Processing, (5) Growth and Development, (6) Response to the Environment, and (7) Reproduction. 2. Describe evolutionary adaptation and give an example. - ANSWER specifically refers to smaller, genetic changes that allow for better survival of an organism -the color of an animal's fur 3. What is an adaptation? What characteristic of life would an adaptation fall into? - ANSWER adaption is a change or process that allows an organism based to become better suited for its environment -Responsiveness to the environment 4. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. - ANSWER Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two gametes (one from each parent) that will unite and grow into a new offspring. -Asexual reproduction, in contrast, gives rise to new offspring from a single organism. 5. A group of one particular species living within defined boundaries of a community best describes a(n): - ANSWER population A system of living and non-living things in a region best describes a(n): - ANSWER ecosystem 6. What are the 3 domains that comprise the Linnaean Classification system? - ANSWER (1) Archaea, (2) Eubacteria, and (3) Eukarya 7. What is the purpose of a phylogenic tree? - ANSWER A visual representation that shows the relationships between different organisms and their evolutionary history 8. True or False: Extremophiles are a small sub-set of the Archaea domain that live in extreme environments. - ANSWER true 9. Bacteria that neither benefits from nor harms its host and are often part of the human flora are considered: - ANSWER commensal Bacteria that cause illness are considered: - ANSWER pathogenic 10. Describe what an exotoxin is and give an example. - ANSWER An exotoxin is a toxic substance that is secreted by bacteria into the surrounding environment Cholera 11. Describe what an endotoxin is and give an example. - ANSWER A n endotoxin is a toxic component of the outer membrane of a bacteria. The endotoxins are released when the bacteria dies salmonella 12. Describe what a symbiotic relationship looks like between two organisms. - ANSWER A long term relationship between two different organisms In which one or both organisms benefit from the paired interaction 13. What are the 4 main Eukaryote Kingdoms? - ANSWER (1) Fungi, (2) Protista, (3) Plantae, and (4) Animalia 14. Describe the process of binary fission and state whether it is a form of sexual or asexual reproduction. - ANSWER Binary fission is an asexual form of reproduction. Binary fission occurs when one cell splits in half to form two identical cells. 15. Compare and contrast 3 types of symmetry found in animal body plans. - ANSWER -Radial Symmetry: symmetry around a center axis -Bilateral Symmetry: when a line could split the body into two equal sides -Spherical Symmetry: any cut through the center results two equal halves 16. Autotrophs are considered "primary producers". What does this mean? - ANSWER Primary Producers support all other trophic levels by recycling organic matter from the environment 17. Herbivores are considered "primary consumers". What does this mean? - ANSWER Primary consumers eat primary producers 18. You are considering a model system for research purposes. What are 6 guidelines you should consider for this system? - ANSWER (1) Easy to maintain, (2) Physical size should be convenient, (3) Inexpensive, (4) Short life cycles, (5) Can be genetically manipulated, and (6) Can be used to deliver economically important results. 19. Individual living members of a population best describes a(n): - ANSWER organism 20. True or False. If false, explain why it is false. The rRNA found in cells of the archaea domain would be identical to those found in the eubacteria domain. - ANSWER False 21. The rRNA found in cells of archaea domain are different than those found in the eubacteria domain ________ plants lack the formation of tubes to transport water and nutrients. - ANSWER asvascular Malaria is a result of plasmodium which are found in which of the following Eukaryotic kingdoms? - ANSWER protista 22. A(n) _______ is a change or a process that allows an organism to become better suited for their environment. Anything that causes an organism to respond is called a _______. Adaptions can be _______ or ________. - ANSWER adaptation stimulus behavioral physical 23. Prokaryotes, known as _________, break down dead and dying organisms and release vital elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous into the environment. - ANSWER decomposers 24. In the Linnaean classification system, the largest and broadest category, which encompasses all the other taxa, is the ______. - ANSWER domain Explanation: domain can be eukarya, archea, or bacteria 25. Give an example of a specific type of extremophile and describe the type of environment it would live in. - ANSWER Thermophile; they live in volcanoes 26. Name a tertiary consumer - ANSWER carnivores 27. Bacteria that cause illness through the production of exotoxins and endotoxins are considered _______. - ANSWER pathogenic 28. ________ reproduction gives rise to new offspring from a(n) _______ organism. - ANSWER asexual single 29. describe coeloms - ANSWER fluid filled cavities 30. describe acoelomates - ANSWER have no true body cavity but still meets other classifications requirements to be considered an animal describe eucoelomates - ANSWER has a true coelom that surrounds a gut 31. describe pseudocoelomates - ANSWER may appear to have a fluid filled cavity but cells lining the space are not continuous 32. By what process do most protists reproduce? State whether this process is sexual