Microbiology Exam 3 Questions And
Correct Update
Genetics M- MAnswer M- Mstudy Mof Mgenes, Mwhat Mthey Mare, Mhow Mthey Mcarry Minformation, Mhow
Minformation Mis Mexpressed, Mand Mhow Mgenes Mare Mreplicated.
Gene M- MAnswer M- MA Msegment Mof MDNA Mthat Mencodes Ma Mfunctional Mproduct, Musually Ma
Mprotein.
Chromosome M- MAnswer M- MStructure Mcontaining MDNA Mthat Mphysically Mcarries Mhereditary
Minformation; Mthe Mchromosomes Mcontain Mthe Mgenes.
Genome M- MAnswer M- Mall Mthe Mgenetic Minformation Min Ma Mcell.
Genomics M- MAnswer M- MThe Mmolecular Mstudy Mof Mgenomes
Genotype M- MAnswer M- Mthe Mgenes Mof Man Morganism, Mthe Msequence Mof Mbases
Phenotype M- MAnswer M- MExpression Mof Mthe Mgenes, Mcharacteristics Mexpressed Mby Mthe
Mgenotype
Mutations M- MAnswer M- MCentral Mdogma Mof Mmolecular Mbiology, Ma Mchange Min Mthe Mgenotype M(
Mwhich Mmay Mor Mmay Mnot Maffect Mthe Mphenotype)
May Mbe Mneutral, Mbeneficial, Mor Mharmful
Typical Mchain Mof Mevents Mdescribed Mby Mcentral Mdogma M- MAnswer M- MDNA Mtranscribed Mto
MmRNA, Mwhich Mis Mtranslated Mto Ma Mprotein, Mand Mfinally, Mfunctions.
,Mutated Mchain Mof Mevents Mdescribed Mby Mcentral Mdogma M- MAnswer M- MMutated MDNA
Mtranscribed Mto Mmutated MmRNA, Mwhich Mis Mtranslated Minto Man Maltered Mprotein, Mthe Mresult
Mbeing Man Maltered Mfunction.
genetic Mcode M- MAnswer M- MA Mset Mof Mrules Mthat Mdetermines Mhow Ma Mnucleotide Msequence Mis
Mconverted Mto Man Mamino Macid Msequence Mof Ma Mprotein.
Bacteria: MDNA Mand Mchromosomes. M- MAnswer M- MBacteria Musually Mhave Ma Msingle Mcircular
Mchromosome Mmade Mof MDNA Mand Massociated Mproteins.
STR's M- MAnswer M- MSHORT MTANDEM MREPEATS: Mrepeating Msequences Mof Mnoncoding MDNA
Vertical MGene MTransfer M- MAnswer M- Mflow Mof Mgenetic Minformation Mfrom Mone Mgeneration Mto
Mthe Mnext.
Expression M- MAnswer M- MStep M1. MGenetic Minformation Mis Mused Mwithin Ma Mcell Mto Mproduce
Mthe Mproteins Mneeded Mfor Mthe Mcell Mto Mfunction. MEg. Mtranscription Mand Mtranslation Mtake
Mplace. MCell Mmetabolizes Mand Mgrows.
Recombination M- MAnswer M- MStep M2.Genetic Minformation Mcan Mbe Mtransferred Mhorizontally
Mbetween Mcells Mof Mthe Msame Mgeneration. MNew Mcombinations Mof Mgenes Mtake Mplace.
MRecombinant Mcell.
Replication M- MAnswer M- MStep M3. MEnergy Mfor Mreplication Mis Msupplied Mby Mnucleotides.
MHydrolysis Mof Mtwo Mphosphate Mgroups Mon MATP Mprovides Menergy. MMost Mbacterial MDNA
Mreplication Mis Mbidirectional. MEach Moffspring Mcell Mreceives Mone Mcopy Mof Mthe MDNA Mmolecule.
MReplication Mis Mhighly Maccurate Mdue Mto Mthe Mproofreading Mcapabilities Mof MDNA Mpolymerase.
MOne Mstrand Mserves Mas Ma Mtemplate Mfor Mthe Mproduction Mof Ma Msecond Mstrand.
MTopoisomerase Mand Mgyrase Mrelax Mthe Mstrands. MHelicase Mseparates Mthe Mstrands. MA
Mreplication Mfork Mis Mcreated. MGenetic Minformation Mcan Mbe Mtransferred Mvertically Mto Mthe
Mnext Mgeneration Mof Mcells. MOffspring Mcells.
Key Mconcepts: Mfigure M8.2 M- MAnswer M- MDNA Mis Mthe Mblueprint Mfor Ma Mcell's Mproteins,
Mincluding Menzymes.
, DNA Mis Mobtained Meither Mfrom Manother Mcell Min Mthe Msame Mgeneration Mor Mfrom Ma Mparent
Mcell Mduring Mcell Mdivision.
DNA Mcan Mbe Mexpressed Mwithin Ma Mcell Mor Mtransferred Mto Manother Mcell Mthrough
Mrecombination Mand Mreplication.
DNA M- MAnswer M- Mdeoxiribonucleic Macid;
Contains Mgenetic Mprofile Mof Mcell
Undergoes Mtranscription Minto MRNA
components Mof MDNA M- MAnswer M- MDeoxiribose=sugar, MPhosphate, MNitrogenous Mbases:
MAdenine, MGuanine(Purines); MThymine, Mcytosine M(pyrimidines)
Nucleotide M- MAnswer M- Msugar M+ Mphosphate M+ Mbase
Nucleoside M- MAnswer M- Msugar M+ Mbase
Structure Mof MDNA M- MAnswer M- Mdouble Mhelix, Mtwo Mstrands Mof Mnucleotides Mrunning Manti-
parallel. MThe Msugar-phosphate Mbackbone Mof Mone Mstrand Mis Mupside Mdown, Mrelative Mto Mthe
Mbackbone Mof Mthe Mother Mstrand.
DNA Mreplication: MThe Mreplication Mfork M- MAnswer M- M1. MThe Mdouble Mhelix Mof Mthe Mparental
MDNA Mseparates Mas Mweak Mhydrogen Mbonds Mbetween Mthe Mnucleotides Mon Mopposite Mstrands
Mbreak Min Mresponse Mto Mthe Maction Mof Mreplication Menzymes. M
2. MHydrogen Mbonds Mform Mbetween Mnew Mcomplementary Mnucleotides Mand Meach Mstrand Mof
Mthe Mparental Mtemplate Mto Mform Mnew Mbase Mpairs.
3. MEnzymes Mcatalyze Mthe Mformation Mof Msugar-phosphate Mbonds Mbetween Msequential
Mnucleotides Mon Meach Mresulting Mdaughter Mstrand.
DNA Msynthesis M- MAnswer M- MDNA Mis Mcopied Mby MDNA Mpolymerase:
Min Mthe M5'-3' Mdirection
Minitiated Mby Man MRNA Mprimer
Mleading Mstrand Mis Msynthesized Mcontinuously
Correct Update
Genetics M- MAnswer M- Mstudy Mof Mgenes, Mwhat Mthey Mare, Mhow Mthey Mcarry Minformation, Mhow
Minformation Mis Mexpressed, Mand Mhow Mgenes Mare Mreplicated.
Gene M- MAnswer M- MA Msegment Mof MDNA Mthat Mencodes Ma Mfunctional Mproduct, Musually Ma
Mprotein.
Chromosome M- MAnswer M- MStructure Mcontaining MDNA Mthat Mphysically Mcarries Mhereditary
Minformation; Mthe Mchromosomes Mcontain Mthe Mgenes.
Genome M- MAnswer M- Mall Mthe Mgenetic Minformation Min Ma Mcell.
Genomics M- MAnswer M- MThe Mmolecular Mstudy Mof Mgenomes
Genotype M- MAnswer M- Mthe Mgenes Mof Man Morganism, Mthe Msequence Mof Mbases
Phenotype M- MAnswer M- MExpression Mof Mthe Mgenes, Mcharacteristics Mexpressed Mby Mthe
Mgenotype
Mutations M- MAnswer M- MCentral Mdogma Mof Mmolecular Mbiology, Ma Mchange Min Mthe Mgenotype M(
Mwhich Mmay Mor Mmay Mnot Maffect Mthe Mphenotype)
May Mbe Mneutral, Mbeneficial, Mor Mharmful
Typical Mchain Mof Mevents Mdescribed Mby Mcentral Mdogma M- MAnswer M- MDNA Mtranscribed Mto
MmRNA, Mwhich Mis Mtranslated Mto Ma Mprotein, Mand Mfinally, Mfunctions.
,Mutated Mchain Mof Mevents Mdescribed Mby Mcentral Mdogma M- MAnswer M- MMutated MDNA
Mtranscribed Mto Mmutated MmRNA, Mwhich Mis Mtranslated Minto Man Maltered Mprotein, Mthe Mresult
Mbeing Man Maltered Mfunction.
genetic Mcode M- MAnswer M- MA Mset Mof Mrules Mthat Mdetermines Mhow Ma Mnucleotide Msequence Mis
Mconverted Mto Man Mamino Macid Msequence Mof Ma Mprotein.
Bacteria: MDNA Mand Mchromosomes. M- MAnswer M- MBacteria Musually Mhave Ma Msingle Mcircular
Mchromosome Mmade Mof MDNA Mand Massociated Mproteins.
STR's M- MAnswer M- MSHORT MTANDEM MREPEATS: Mrepeating Msequences Mof Mnoncoding MDNA
Vertical MGene MTransfer M- MAnswer M- Mflow Mof Mgenetic Minformation Mfrom Mone Mgeneration Mto
Mthe Mnext.
Expression M- MAnswer M- MStep M1. MGenetic Minformation Mis Mused Mwithin Ma Mcell Mto Mproduce
Mthe Mproteins Mneeded Mfor Mthe Mcell Mto Mfunction. MEg. Mtranscription Mand Mtranslation Mtake
Mplace. MCell Mmetabolizes Mand Mgrows.
Recombination M- MAnswer M- MStep M2.Genetic Minformation Mcan Mbe Mtransferred Mhorizontally
Mbetween Mcells Mof Mthe Msame Mgeneration. MNew Mcombinations Mof Mgenes Mtake Mplace.
MRecombinant Mcell.
Replication M- MAnswer M- MStep M3. MEnergy Mfor Mreplication Mis Msupplied Mby Mnucleotides.
MHydrolysis Mof Mtwo Mphosphate Mgroups Mon MATP Mprovides Menergy. MMost Mbacterial MDNA
Mreplication Mis Mbidirectional. MEach Moffspring Mcell Mreceives Mone Mcopy Mof Mthe MDNA Mmolecule.
MReplication Mis Mhighly Maccurate Mdue Mto Mthe Mproofreading Mcapabilities Mof MDNA Mpolymerase.
MOne Mstrand Mserves Mas Ma Mtemplate Mfor Mthe Mproduction Mof Ma Msecond Mstrand.
MTopoisomerase Mand Mgyrase Mrelax Mthe Mstrands. MHelicase Mseparates Mthe Mstrands. MA
Mreplication Mfork Mis Mcreated. MGenetic Minformation Mcan Mbe Mtransferred Mvertically Mto Mthe
Mnext Mgeneration Mof Mcells. MOffspring Mcells.
Key Mconcepts: Mfigure M8.2 M- MAnswer M- MDNA Mis Mthe Mblueprint Mfor Ma Mcell's Mproteins,
Mincluding Menzymes.
, DNA Mis Mobtained Meither Mfrom Manother Mcell Min Mthe Msame Mgeneration Mor Mfrom Ma Mparent
Mcell Mduring Mcell Mdivision.
DNA Mcan Mbe Mexpressed Mwithin Ma Mcell Mor Mtransferred Mto Manother Mcell Mthrough
Mrecombination Mand Mreplication.
DNA M- MAnswer M- Mdeoxiribonucleic Macid;
Contains Mgenetic Mprofile Mof Mcell
Undergoes Mtranscription Minto MRNA
components Mof MDNA M- MAnswer M- MDeoxiribose=sugar, MPhosphate, MNitrogenous Mbases:
MAdenine, MGuanine(Purines); MThymine, Mcytosine M(pyrimidines)
Nucleotide M- MAnswer M- Msugar M+ Mphosphate M+ Mbase
Nucleoside M- MAnswer M- Msugar M+ Mbase
Structure Mof MDNA M- MAnswer M- Mdouble Mhelix, Mtwo Mstrands Mof Mnucleotides Mrunning Manti-
parallel. MThe Msugar-phosphate Mbackbone Mof Mone Mstrand Mis Mupside Mdown, Mrelative Mto Mthe
Mbackbone Mof Mthe Mother Mstrand.
DNA Mreplication: MThe Mreplication Mfork M- MAnswer M- M1. MThe Mdouble Mhelix Mof Mthe Mparental
MDNA Mseparates Mas Mweak Mhydrogen Mbonds Mbetween Mthe Mnucleotides Mon Mopposite Mstrands
Mbreak Min Mresponse Mto Mthe Maction Mof Mreplication Menzymes. M
2. MHydrogen Mbonds Mform Mbetween Mnew Mcomplementary Mnucleotides Mand Meach Mstrand Mof
Mthe Mparental Mtemplate Mto Mform Mnew Mbase Mpairs.
3. MEnzymes Mcatalyze Mthe Mformation Mof Msugar-phosphate Mbonds Mbetween Msequential
Mnucleotides Mon Meach Mresulting Mdaughter Mstrand.
DNA Msynthesis M- MAnswer M- MDNA Mis Mcopied Mby MDNA Mpolymerase:
Min Mthe M5'-3' Mdirection
Minitiated Mby Man MRNA Mprimer
Mleading Mstrand Mis Msynthesized Mcontinuously
