Foundations of Reading Licensure Exam
NC 2025 with complete solution
Alliteration- CORRECT ANS >>The repetition of the initial phoneme of each word in connected text (e.g.,
Harry the happy hippo hula-hoops with Henrietta).
Alphabetic Principle- CORRECT ANS >>The concept that letters and letter combinations represent
individual phonemes in written words.
Blending- CORRECT ANS >>The task of combining sounds rapidly, to accurately represent the word.
Chunking- CORRECT ANS >>A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts (e.g, yes ter
day). Chunking also refers to the process of dividing a sentence into smaller phrases where pauses might
occur naturally (e.g., When the sun appeared after the storm, / the newly fallen snow /shimmered like
diamonds).
Consonant Blend- CORRECT ANS >>Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their individual
sounds (e.g., bl in block; str in string).
Consonant Digraph- CORRECT ANS >>Two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme, or sound
(e.g., ch, sh).
Continuous Sounds- CORRECT ANS >>A sound that can be held for several seconds without distortion
(e.g., /m/, /s/).
Digraphs- CORRECT ANS >>A group of two consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound (e.g.,
ea in bread; ch in chat; ng in sing).
Diphthong- CORRECT ANS >>A vowel produced by the tongue shifting position during articulation; a vowel
that feels as if it has two parts, especially the vowels spelled ou and oi.
Elkonin Boxes- CORRECT ANS >>A framework used during phonemic awareness instruction. Elkonin Boxes
are sometimes referred to as Sound Boxes. When working with words, the teacher can draw one box per
sound for a target word. Students push a penny or a marker into one box as they segment each sound in
the word.
Emergent Literacy- CORRECT ANS >>The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental
, precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing.
Graph phonemic Knowledge- CORRECT ANS >>Knowledge of the relationships between letters and
phonemes.
Onset and Rime- CORRECT ANS >>Onsets and rimes are parts of spoken language that are smaller than
syllables but larger than phonemes. An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable (the onset of
bag is b-; of swim, sw-). A rime is the part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (the
rime of bag is -ag; of swim, -im).
Phoneme- CORRECT ANS >>A phoneme is the smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in
the meaning of words. English has about 41 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one
phoneme. Most words, however, have more than one phoneme: The word if has two phonemes (/i/ /f/);
check has three phonemes (/ch/ /e/ /k/), and stop has four phonemes (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/). Sometimes one
phoneme is represented by more than one letter.
Phoneme Isolation- CORRECT ANS >>Recognizing individual sounds in a word (e.g., /p/ is the first sound in
pan).
Phoneme Manipulation- CORRECT ANS >>Adding, deleting, and substituting sounds in words (e.g., add
/b/ to oat to make boat; delete /p/ in pat to make at; substitute /o/ for /a/ in pat to make pot).
Phonemic Awareness- CORRECT ANS >>Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and
manipulate the individual sounds--phonemes--in spoken words; the highest level of phonological
awareness.
Phonological Awareness- CORRECT ANS >>Phonological awareness is a broad term that includes phonemic
awareness. In addition to phonemes, phonological awareness activities can involve work with rhymes,
words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.
Segmenting- CORRECT ANS >>Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, of a word into discrete
units.
Syllable- CORRECT ANS >>A syllable is a word part that contains a vowel or, in spoken language, a vowel
sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y).
Vowel Digraph or Vowel Pair- CORRECT ANS >>Two vowels together that represent one phoneme, or
sound (e.g., ea, ai, oa).
NC 2025 with complete solution
Alliteration- CORRECT ANS >>The repetition of the initial phoneme of each word in connected text (e.g.,
Harry the happy hippo hula-hoops with Henrietta).
Alphabetic Principle- CORRECT ANS >>The concept that letters and letter combinations represent
individual phonemes in written words.
Blending- CORRECT ANS >>The task of combining sounds rapidly, to accurately represent the word.
Chunking- CORRECT ANS >>A decoding strategy for breaking words into manageable parts (e.g, yes ter
day). Chunking also refers to the process of dividing a sentence into smaller phrases where pauses might
occur naturally (e.g., When the sun appeared after the storm, / the newly fallen snow /shimmered like
diamonds).
Consonant Blend- CORRECT ANS >>Two or more consecutive consonants which retain their individual
sounds (e.g., bl in block; str in string).
Consonant Digraph- CORRECT ANS >>Two consecutive consonants that represent one phoneme, or sound
(e.g., ch, sh).
Continuous Sounds- CORRECT ANS >>A sound that can be held for several seconds without distortion
(e.g., /m/, /s/).
Digraphs- CORRECT ANS >>A group of two consecutive letters whose phonetic value is a single sound (e.g.,
ea in bread; ch in chat; ng in sing).
Diphthong- CORRECT ANS >>A vowel produced by the tongue shifting position during articulation; a vowel
that feels as if it has two parts, especially the vowels spelled ou and oi.
Elkonin Boxes- CORRECT ANS >>A framework used during phonemic awareness instruction. Elkonin Boxes
are sometimes referred to as Sound Boxes. When working with words, the teacher can draw one box per
sound for a target word. Students push a penny or a marker into one box as they segment each sound in
the word.
Emergent Literacy- CORRECT ANS >>The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental
, precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing.
Graph phonemic Knowledge- CORRECT ANS >>Knowledge of the relationships between letters and
phonemes.
Onset and Rime- CORRECT ANS >>Onsets and rimes are parts of spoken language that are smaller than
syllables but larger than phonemes. An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable (the onset of
bag is b-; of swim, sw-). A rime is the part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (the
rime of bag is -ag; of swim, -im).
Phoneme- CORRECT ANS >>A phoneme is the smallest part of spoken language that makes a difference in
the meaning of words. English has about 41 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one
phoneme. Most words, however, have more than one phoneme: The word if has two phonemes (/i/ /f/);
check has three phonemes (/ch/ /e/ /k/), and stop has four phonemes (/s/ /t/ /o/ /p/). Sometimes one
phoneme is represented by more than one letter.
Phoneme Isolation- CORRECT ANS >>Recognizing individual sounds in a word (e.g., /p/ is the first sound in
pan).
Phoneme Manipulation- CORRECT ANS >>Adding, deleting, and substituting sounds in words (e.g., add
/b/ to oat to make boat; delete /p/ in pat to make at; substitute /o/ for /a/ in pat to make pot).
Phonemic Awareness- CORRECT ANS >>Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear, identify, and
manipulate the individual sounds--phonemes--in spoken words; the highest level of phonological
awareness.
Phonological Awareness- CORRECT ANS >>Phonological awareness is a broad term that includes phonemic
awareness. In addition to phonemes, phonological awareness activities can involve work with rhymes,
words, syllables, and onsets and rimes.
Segmenting- CORRECT ANS >>Separating the individual phonemes, or sounds, of a word into discrete
units.
Syllable- CORRECT ANS >>A syllable is a word part that contains a vowel or, in spoken language, a vowel
sound (e-vent; news-pa-per; ver-y).
Vowel Digraph or Vowel Pair- CORRECT ANS >>Two vowels together that represent one phoneme, or
sound (e.g., ea, ai, oa).
