IBSS Exam 1540 Exam 1 Part 2 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Verified By Experts|
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What is the structure of a parathyroid carcinoma? it is a hard tumor mass that infiltrates
surrounding tissue
Where does malignancy originate in parathyroid carcinoma? chief cells
How can you histologically distinguish parathyroid adenoma from a carcinoma? adenoma is
well encapsulated while the carcinoma invades the capsule
What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism? renal failure
How does renal failure cause hyperparathyroidism? there is increased levels of phosphate
retained in the body, which reduces free calcium levels in the body. The calcium then causes
the parathyroid gland to increasePTH secretion. There is also decreased renal synthesis of
active vitamin D, which impairs dietary absorption of calcium and further causes PTH secretion
What is hyperadrenalism? an umbrella term form manifestations of hyperactivity of the
adrenal cortex
What is Cushing syndrome? a disease characterized by excess levels of cortisol
Does Cushing syndrome affect women or men more frequently? women
What are five examples of signs that can manifest due to Cushing syndrome? upper body
obesity, buffalo hump, red/round face, purple stir on skin, excess body hair
what are the four types of Cushing syndrome? iatrogenic, pituitary, adrenal, or
paraneoplastic
,What is another name for pituitary cushing syndrome? Cushing disease
What is the most common cause of cushing syndrome? administration of exogenous
glucocorticoids, causing iatrogenic cushing syndrome
What happens to the structure of the adrenal glands due to iatrogenic cushing syndrome? it
causes them to atrophy due to decreased ACTH secretion
What is hyperaldosteronism? excess levels of aldosterone formed from the adrenal crotex
What s the effect of hyperaldosteronism on the body? It causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to excess sodium in the blood
What is the most common cause of hyperaldosteronism? Conn syndrome, or an aldosterone
producing adenoma of the adrenal gland
What is the histological appearance of the adrenal gland in an individual with Conn syndrome?
cells may appear abnormal and tissue may contain spironalactone bodies which re large and
eosinophilic
Wha is the effect of non-affected adrenals in Cushing syndrome? Why? it atrophy because
the excess cortisol causes negative feedback to the unaffected gland
What is the effect of hyperadlosteronism on the non-affected adrenal? there is no atrophic
effect because aldosterone does not provide negative feedback to ACTH release
What is adrenogenital syndrome? excessive secretion of adrenal andogrens
, What three clinical signs of adrenogential syndrome in females? ambiguous genitalia, excess
body hair, and amenorrhea
What are three examples of conditions that are caused by hyperadrenalinism? Cushing
syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, and adrenogenital syndrome
What are two common causes of adrenogenital syndrome? Cushing disease or a neoplasm
of the adrenal cortex
What is the name for the hereditary form of adrenogenital syndrome? What causes it?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is caused by a defect in 21-hydroxylase
How does a defect in 21-hydroxylase result in adrenogenital syndrome? the defect in this
enzyme decreases the production of cortisol and aldosterone. This causes ACTH secretion to
increase and the adrenal glands to under go hypertrophy. Steroid precursors accumulate and
are converted to sex hormones. This causes decreased sodium, increased potassium, and
dehydration
What is the role of the enzyme 210hydroxylase? What happens if there is a defect? it
converts precursors of cortisol into cortisol. If there is a defect, precurosors of cortisol
accumulate and are converted to androgens instead
What is adrenal hypofdnction? clinical manifestations associated with adrenocortical
insufficiency
What are two main causes of acute adrenocortical insufficiency? rapid withdrawal of
exogenous corticosteroids or Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrmoe
What are four symptoms that can appear in adrenal hypofdnction caused by rapid withdrawal
of exogenous corticosteroids? weakness, dehydration, vascular collapse and shock, and
renal failure
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What is the structure of a parathyroid carcinoma? it is a hard tumor mass that infiltrates
surrounding tissue
Where does malignancy originate in parathyroid carcinoma? chief cells
How can you histologically distinguish parathyroid adenoma from a carcinoma? adenoma is
well encapsulated while the carcinoma invades the capsule
What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism? renal failure
How does renal failure cause hyperparathyroidism? there is increased levels of phosphate
retained in the body, which reduces free calcium levels in the body. The calcium then causes
the parathyroid gland to increasePTH secretion. There is also decreased renal synthesis of
active vitamin D, which impairs dietary absorption of calcium and further causes PTH secretion
What is hyperadrenalism? an umbrella term form manifestations of hyperactivity of the
adrenal cortex
What is Cushing syndrome? a disease characterized by excess levels of cortisol
Does Cushing syndrome affect women or men more frequently? women
What are five examples of signs that can manifest due to Cushing syndrome? upper body
obesity, buffalo hump, red/round face, purple stir on skin, excess body hair
what are the four types of Cushing syndrome? iatrogenic, pituitary, adrenal, or
paraneoplastic
,What is another name for pituitary cushing syndrome? Cushing disease
What is the most common cause of cushing syndrome? administration of exogenous
glucocorticoids, causing iatrogenic cushing syndrome
What happens to the structure of the adrenal glands due to iatrogenic cushing syndrome? it
causes them to atrophy due to decreased ACTH secretion
What is hyperaldosteronism? excess levels of aldosterone formed from the adrenal crotex
What s the effect of hyperaldosteronism on the body? It causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to excess sodium in the blood
What is the most common cause of hyperaldosteronism? Conn syndrome, or an aldosterone
producing adenoma of the adrenal gland
What is the histological appearance of the adrenal gland in an individual with Conn syndrome?
cells may appear abnormal and tissue may contain spironalactone bodies which re large and
eosinophilic
Wha is the effect of non-affected adrenals in Cushing syndrome? Why? it atrophy because
the excess cortisol causes negative feedback to the unaffected gland
What is the effect of hyperadlosteronism on the non-affected adrenal? there is no atrophic
effect because aldosterone does not provide negative feedback to ACTH release
What is adrenogenital syndrome? excessive secretion of adrenal andogrens
, What three clinical signs of adrenogential syndrome in females? ambiguous genitalia, excess
body hair, and amenorrhea
What are three examples of conditions that are caused by hyperadrenalinism? Cushing
syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, and adrenogenital syndrome
What are two common causes of adrenogenital syndrome? Cushing disease or a neoplasm
of the adrenal cortex
What is the name for the hereditary form of adrenogenital syndrome? What causes it?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is caused by a defect in 21-hydroxylase
How does a defect in 21-hydroxylase result in adrenogenital syndrome? the defect in this
enzyme decreases the production of cortisol and aldosterone. This causes ACTH secretion to
increase and the adrenal glands to under go hypertrophy. Steroid precursors accumulate and
are converted to sex hormones. This causes decreased sodium, increased potassium, and
dehydration
What is the role of the enzyme 210hydroxylase? What happens if there is a defect? it
converts precursors of cortisol into cortisol. If there is a defect, precurosors of cortisol
accumulate and are converted to androgens instead
What is adrenal hypofdnction? clinical manifestations associated with adrenocortical
insufficiency
What are two main causes of acute adrenocortical insufficiency? rapid withdrawal of
exogenous corticosteroids or Waterhouse-Friderchsen syndrmoe
What are four symptoms that can appear in adrenal hypofdnction caused by rapid withdrawal
of exogenous corticosteroids? weakness, dehydration, vascular collapse and shock, and
renal failure
