D439 FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS!!
Tendons
________________ are white, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone
and are strong, flexible, and inelastic.
Cartilage
______________ is nonvascular (without blood vessels) supporting connective tissue located
chiefly in the joints and thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear. The characteristics of the
__________ change with the aging process, resulting in reduced thickness and calcification.
movement and posture
The nervous system regulates ________________.
precentral gyrus, or motor strip
The _______________, is the major voluntary motor area and is in the cerebral cortex. A
majority of motor fibers descend from the motor strip and cross at the level of the
medulla. neurotransmitter production
Movement is impaired by disorders that alter _______________, transfer of impulses from the
nerve to the muscle, or activation of muscle activity.
1. Postural abnormalities
2. Muscle abnormalities
3. Damage to the central nervous system
4. Direct trauma to the musculoskeletal system
5. Joint disease
What are the five pathological influences that affect mobility?
inequality of tone in muscle groups
,5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Disorders of stance or posture result from an _____________, because of a loss of normal
postural reflexes, resulting in posturing of the limbs
scoliosis, or idiopathic
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Postural abnormalities can also be congenital, such as ____________ (cause unknown).
Postural abnormalities
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
_______________ can cause pain, impair alignment or mobility, or both.
1. Lordosis
2. Kyphosis
3. Scoliosis
4. Decorticate posture (hemiplegic posture)
5. Decerebrate posture
6. Dystonia
7. Basal ganglion posture
What are the 7 Postural Disorders?
Lordosis
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Exaggeration of anterior convex curve of lumbar spine
Cause: Congenital condition; temporary condition (e.g., pregnancy)
Kyphosis
,7 Postural Disorders
Description: Increased convexity in curvature of thoracic spine
Cause: Congenital condition; rickets, osteoporosis; tuberculosis of spine
Scoliosis
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Lateral S- or C-shaped spinal column with vertebral rotation, unequal heights of
hips and shoulders
Cause: Sometimes a consequence of numerous congenital, idiopathic, and
neuromuscular disorders
Decorticate posture (hemiplegic posture)
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Upper extremities flexed at the elbows and held close to the body; lower extremities
externally rotated and extended
Cause: Caused by damage between the brain and spinal cord; brainstem is no longer inhibited by
the cerebral cortex motor area; seen in cases of cerebral vascular accident
Decerebrate posture
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Increased tone in extensor muscles and trunk muscles, with active tonic
neck reflexes
Cause: Caused by severe injury to the brain and brainstem, resulting in overstimulation
of postural righting and vestibular reflexes
, Dystonia
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Maintenance of an abnormal posture through muscular contractions may last
several seconds to weeks; long term, can cause permanent, fixed contractures
Cause: Seen in basal ganglia abnormalities; exact pathological cause unknown
Basal ganglion posture
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Stooped, hyperflexed posture with a narrow-based, short-stepped gait; due to loss of
normal postural reflexes
Cause: Common in Parkinson disease person loses stability and cannot make postural
adjustment to tilting or loss of balance, and falls instead
changes in muscle tone and changes in muscle movement
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Two types of abnormalities affecting muscles include ______________.
hypotonia
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
One type of abnormality in muscle tone is ____________. It is a decreased muscle tone with
little or no resistance during passive muscle movement. It is common in patients with cerebellar
damage. Patients with ___________ tire easily and have difficulty rising from a sitting position,
sitting down without support, and walking up and down stairs
central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction
EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS!!
Tendons
________________ are white, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone
and are strong, flexible, and inelastic.
Cartilage
______________ is nonvascular (without blood vessels) supporting connective tissue located
chiefly in the joints and thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear. The characteristics of the
__________ change with the aging process, resulting in reduced thickness and calcification.
movement and posture
The nervous system regulates ________________.
precentral gyrus, or motor strip
The _______________, is the major voluntary motor area and is in the cerebral cortex. A
majority of motor fibers descend from the motor strip and cross at the level of the
medulla. neurotransmitter production
Movement is impaired by disorders that alter _______________, transfer of impulses from the
nerve to the muscle, or activation of muscle activity.
1. Postural abnormalities
2. Muscle abnormalities
3. Damage to the central nervous system
4. Direct trauma to the musculoskeletal system
5. Joint disease
What are the five pathological influences that affect mobility?
inequality of tone in muscle groups
,5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Disorders of stance or posture result from an _____________, because of a loss of normal
postural reflexes, resulting in posturing of the limbs
scoliosis, or idiopathic
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Postural abnormalities can also be congenital, such as ____________ (cause unknown).
Postural abnormalities
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
_______________ can cause pain, impair alignment or mobility, or both.
1. Lordosis
2. Kyphosis
3. Scoliosis
4. Decorticate posture (hemiplegic posture)
5. Decerebrate posture
6. Dystonia
7. Basal ganglion posture
What are the 7 Postural Disorders?
Lordosis
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Exaggeration of anterior convex curve of lumbar spine
Cause: Congenital condition; temporary condition (e.g., pregnancy)
Kyphosis
,7 Postural Disorders
Description: Increased convexity in curvature of thoracic spine
Cause: Congenital condition; rickets, osteoporosis; tuberculosis of spine
Scoliosis
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Lateral S- or C-shaped spinal column with vertebral rotation, unequal heights of
hips and shoulders
Cause: Sometimes a consequence of numerous congenital, idiopathic, and
neuromuscular disorders
Decorticate posture (hemiplegic posture)
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Upper extremities flexed at the elbows and held close to the body; lower extremities
externally rotated and extended
Cause: Caused by damage between the brain and spinal cord; brainstem is no longer inhibited by
the cerebral cortex motor area; seen in cases of cerebral vascular accident
Decerebrate posture
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Increased tone in extensor muscles and trunk muscles, with active tonic
neck reflexes
Cause: Caused by severe injury to the brain and brainstem, resulting in overstimulation
of postural righting and vestibular reflexes
, Dystonia
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Maintenance of an abnormal posture through muscular contractions may last
several seconds to weeks; long term, can cause permanent, fixed contractures
Cause: Seen in basal ganglia abnormalities; exact pathological cause unknown
Basal ganglion posture
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Stooped, hyperflexed posture with a narrow-based, short-stepped gait; due to loss of
normal postural reflexes
Cause: Common in Parkinson disease person loses stability and cannot make postural
adjustment to tilting or loss of balance, and falls instead
changes in muscle tone and changes in muscle movement
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Two types of abnormalities affecting muscles include ______________.
hypotonia
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
One type of abnormality in muscle tone is ____________. It is a decreased muscle tone with
little or no resistance during passive muscle movement. It is common in patients with cerebellar
damage. Patients with ___________ tire easily and have difficulty rising from a sitting position,
sitting down without support, and walking up and down stairs
central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction
