SOCIOLOGY 1301 CORE EXAMS SET 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Race - ✔✔a social classification based on physical Appearance or biological
characterics
Myths:
There are a fixed number of races
"Pure Race"
Genocide—the attempt to destroy a group of people because of their presumed race or
ethnicity; is a very real danger when this myth is believed.
✔✔Ethnicity - ✔✔— refers to cultural characteristics
Ethnic group—refers to people who identify with one another on the basis of ancestry &
cultural heritage.
Nation/region of origin, religion, distinctive food, clothing, language, music, etc.
Latino/Hispanic...ethnicity or race?
✔✔Ethnic Work - ✔✔activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or transmit an
ethnic or racial identity. Size
Power
Appearance
Discrimination
✔✔Minority vs. Dominant Groups - ✔✔Minority Groups—people who are singled out for
unequal treatment & who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
Dominant Groups—the group who is discriminating and has the power/privilege.
2 ways a racial/ethnic group becomes a minority:
1. Expansion of political boundaries (by dominant)
2. Migration
voluntary=immigration
involuntary=refugees or slavery
✔✔Prejudice & Discrimination - ✔✔Are both common throughout the world's societies
and nations.
Discrimination—an action; unfair treatment directed at someone(s) based on a variety of
characteristics
Based on the perception of race=racism
Prejudice—an attitude; prejudging, usually in a negative way.
, Positive Prejudice
✔✔Prejudice - ✔✔No one is born prejudice!
Most individuals become involved in racist groups due to unrelated factor...It is after
joining a prejudice group that one learns to be prejudice.
Frequent interaction with others who are different and of equal status decreases
prejudice and negative stereotypes= Contact theory
Prejudice for one group often leads to prejudice against other groups.
You can become prejudice against your own group.
"Implicit Association Test"—used to measure or detect attitudes and beliefs that
individuals won't or can't report.
✔✔Individual vs. Institutional Discrimination - ✔✔Individual—unfair treatment of one
person by another.
Institutional—unfair treatment of a minority group that is built into society's institutions;
can be intentional/unintentional, overt/covert, conscious/unconscious.
Lending
Healthcare
Racial Profiling/Criminal Justice
Education/Employment
✔✔Frustration & Scapegoats - ✔✔Frustration & Scapegoats
People unable to strike out at real source of frustration find scapegoats to unfairly blame
✔✔The Authoritarian Personality - ✔✔Highly prejudice people are insecure, intolerant,
and desire firm boundaries established by strong authority.
Subsequent research found older, less educated, less intelligent, and lower social class
individuals are more likely to be authoritarian.
✔✔Sociological Perspectives - ✔✔external
✔✔Functionalism - ✔✔Do Not justify what they discover, but simply identify functions
and dysfunctions of human actions.
✔✔Dysfunctional - ✔✔when it leads to antagonism and discrimination towards out-
groups
✔✔Conflict - ✔✔is going to focus on how groups are competing for scarce resources.
United workers are strong, but divided workers are weak.
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Race - ✔✔a social classification based on physical Appearance or biological
characterics
Myths:
There are a fixed number of races
"Pure Race"
Genocide—the attempt to destroy a group of people because of their presumed race or
ethnicity; is a very real danger when this myth is believed.
✔✔Ethnicity - ✔✔— refers to cultural characteristics
Ethnic group—refers to people who identify with one another on the basis of ancestry &
cultural heritage.
Nation/region of origin, religion, distinctive food, clothing, language, music, etc.
Latino/Hispanic...ethnicity or race?
✔✔Ethnic Work - ✔✔activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or transmit an
ethnic or racial identity. Size
Power
Appearance
Discrimination
✔✔Minority vs. Dominant Groups - ✔✔Minority Groups—people who are singled out for
unequal treatment & who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
Dominant Groups—the group who is discriminating and has the power/privilege.
2 ways a racial/ethnic group becomes a minority:
1. Expansion of political boundaries (by dominant)
2. Migration
voluntary=immigration
involuntary=refugees or slavery
✔✔Prejudice & Discrimination - ✔✔Are both common throughout the world's societies
and nations.
Discrimination—an action; unfair treatment directed at someone(s) based on a variety of
characteristics
Based on the perception of race=racism
Prejudice—an attitude; prejudging, usually in a negative way.
, Positive Prejudice
✔✔Prejudice - ✔✔No one is born prejudice!
Most individuals become involved in racist groups due to unrelated factor...It is after
joining a prejudice group that one learns to be prejudice.
Frequent interaction with others who are different and of equal status decreases
prejudice and negative stereotypes= Contact theory
Prejudice for one group often leads to prejudice against other groups.
You can become prejudice against your own group.
"Implicit Association Test"—used to measure or detect attitudes and beliefs that
individuals won't or can't report.
✔✔Individual vs. Institutional Discrimination - ✔✔Individual—unfair treatment of one
person by another.
Institutional—unfair treatment of a minority group that is built into society's institutions;
can be intentional/unintentional, overt/covert, conscious/unconscious.
Lending
Healthcare
Racial Profiling/Criminal Justice
Education/Employment
✔✔Frustration & Scapegoats - ✔✔Frustration & Scapegoats
People unable to strike out at real source of frustration find scapegoats to unfairly blame
✔✔The Authoritarian Personality - ✔✔Highly prejudice people are insecure, intolerant,
and desire firm boundaries established by strong authority.
Subsequent research found older, less educated, less intelligent, and lower social class
individuals are more likely to be authoritarian.
✔✔Sociological Perspectives - ✔✔external
✔✔Functionalism - ✔✔Do Not justify what they discover, but simply identify functions
and dysfunctions of human actions.
✔✔Dysfunctional - ✔✔when it leads to antagonism and discrimination towards out-
groups
✔✔Conflict - ✔✔is going to focus on how groups are competing for scarce resources.
United workers are strong, but divided workers are weak.
