kaplan- medical surgical latest
version 2025/2026.
risk factors for COPD - ANSWER1. exposure to irritants (smoke, pollutants, allergies)
2. infectious disease (flu, pneumonia) ie GET VACINATED
3. genetic factors (alpha1 antitripsin, deficiency (AAT))
4. elderly (decreased elasticity and decreased ability to clear lungs)
migraines can last for... - ANSWER4-72 hours
(dull, aching pain around the entire head, risk factors are stress, anxiety, depression
and caffeine withdrawal)
Medications for migranes - ANSWERergotamine tartrate alone or with caffeine
sumatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan
MI
CK - ANSWERincreases 3-6 hrs after MI
peaks 24-36 hours
returns to normal on day 3
MI
CK-MB - ANSWERincreases in 4-8hrs after MI
peaks 12-24 hrs
returns to norma in 3-4 days
MI
myoglobin - ANSWERincreases in 1-3hrs
peaks in 4-12 hrs
normal in 12 hours
MI
Troponin I or I - ANSWERincrease in 3-4hrs
peaks in 4-24 hrs
normal in 1-3 weeks
primary tx for MI - ANSWERthrombolytic therapy
should be started within 3 hours of the onset of symptoms if possible
involves streptokinase, altplase, anistreplase, or reteplase
(and PTCA)
other tx=mona
age related hearing loss - ANSWERpresbycusis - and inability to hear high pitched
tones
signs and symptoms of presbycusis - ANSWERtinnitus
inability to hear in group settings
speech deterioration
, infection precautions: neutropenic - ANSWERused for pts at increased risk for infection,
such as immunosuppressed with neutrophil count under 500mm3, privte room,
handwashing and of equiptment, restriction of visitors, no fresh veg/fruit, no invasive
procedures unless essential (ex cath.)
-positive pressure, their own equiptment only used for them, need drs permission to
take them out of their room
when using a nasal cannula, apply water-soluable jelly to nostrils every --- and perform
good --- - ANSWER3-4 hours
mouth care
face mask - ANSWERremove mask ever 1-2 hours, wash, dry, apply lotion to skin.
partial rebreather mask - ANSWERadjust oxygen flow to keep reserviour bag two-thirds
full during inspiration
be sure to humidify oxygen flow exceeding -- L/min to prevent drying mucous
membranes - ANSWER3
blood administration - ANSWER19 gauge needle
slow over first 15 min and stay with the pt
then every hr or per protocol
infuse over 2-4 hrs
hemolytic blood transfusion reaction - ANSWERincompatability
nausea/vomiting, pain in lower back, hypotension, hematuria
febrile blood transfusion reaction - ANSWERantibodies to donor platelets or leukocytes
-fever, chills, nausea, headache, flushing, tachycardia
bacterial blood transfusion - ANSWERcontaminated blood product
-tachycardia, hypotension, hypotension, fever, chills, shock
tranfusion reactions occur usually within the first ---- of transfusion - ANSWER50mL
obtain whole blood or packed RBCs from the blood bank within --- of the transfusion
start time - ANSWER30min
myasthenia gravis - ANSWERdeficiency of acetylcholine at myoneural junction
-exacerbations and remissions
- weakness of facial muscles
-impaired speech
-muscular weakness after repeated or sustained movements
-muscles regain strength after rest**
- diplopia, ptosis
-impaired speech, dysphagia, respiratory distress
-no muscluar atrophy of loss of sensation or intellec
-dysphoria (voice impairment)
-bobbing motion of head
tx of myastenia gravis - ANSWERanticholinesterase: neostigmine, pyridostigmine
corticosteriors to suppress immune system
imunosuppressants
plasmapheresis!!
thymectomy- remove thymus gland if there is a tumor
what to aovoid with myastenia gravis - ANSWERhot temperatures, stress, certain meds,
infections, strenuous activity
version 2025/2026.
risk factors for COPD - ANSWER1. exposure to irritants (smoke, pollutants, allergies)
2. infectious disease (flu, pneumonia) ie GET VACINATED
3. genetic factors (alpha1 antitripsin, deficiency (AAT))
4. elderly (decreased elasticity and decreased ability to clear lungs)
migraines can last for... - ANSWER4-72 hours
(dull, aching pain around the entire head, risk factors are stress, anxiety, depression
and caffeine withdrawal)
Medications for migranes - ANSWERergotamine tartrate alone or with caffeine
sumatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan
MI
CK - ANSWERincreases 3-6 hrs after MI
peaks 24-36 hours
returns to normal on day 3
MI
CK-MB - ANSWERincreases in 4-8hrs after MI
peaks 12-24 hrs
returns to norma in 3-4 days
MI
myoglobin - ANSWERincreases in 1-3hrs
peaks in 4-12 hrs
normal in 12 hours
MI
Troponin I or I - ANSWERincrease in 3-4hrs
peaks in 4-24 hrs
normal in 1-3 weeks
primary tx for MI - ANSWERthrombolytic therapy
should be started within 3 hours of the onset of symptoms if possible
involves streptokinase, altplase, anistreplase, or reteplase
(and PTCA)
other tx=mona
age related hearing loss - ANSWERpresbycusis - and inability to hear high pitched
tones
signs and symptoms of presbycusis - ANSWERtinnitus
inability to hear in group settings
speech deterioration
, infection precautions: neutropenic - ANSWERused for pts at increased risk for infection,
such as immunosuppressed with neutrophil count under 500mm3, privte room,
handwashing and of equiptment, restriction of visitors, no fresh veg/fruit, no invasive
procedures unless essential (ex cath.)
-positive pressure, their own equiptment only used for them, need drs permission to
take them out of their room
when using a nasal cannula, apply water-soluable jelly to nostrils every --- and perform
good --- - ANSWER3-4 hours
mouth care
face mask - ANSWERremove mask ever 1-2 hours, wash, dry, apply lotion to skin.
partial rebreather mask - ANSWERadjust oxygen flow to keep reserviour bag two-thirds
full during inspiration
be sure to humidify oxygen flow exceeding -- L/min to prevent drying mucous
membranes - ANSWER3
blood administration - ANSWER19 gauge needle
slow over first 15 min and stay with the pt
then every hr or per protocol
infuse over 2-4 hrs
hemolytic blood transfusion reaction - ANSWERincompatability
nausea/vomiting, pain in lower back, hypotension, hematuria
febrile blood transfusion reaction - ANSWERantibodies to donor platelets or leukocytes
-fever, chills, nausea, headache, flushing, tachycardia
bacterial blood transfusion - ANSWERcontaminated blood product
-tachycardia, hypotension, hypotension, fever, chills, shock
tranfusion reactions occur usually within the first ---- of transfusion - ANSWER50mL
obtain whole blood or packed RBCs from the blood bank within --- of the transfusion
start time - ANSWER30min
myasthenia gravis - ANSWERdeficiency of acetylcholine at myoneural junction
-exacerbations and remissions
- weakness of facial muscles
-impaired speech
-muscular weakness after repeated or sustained movements
-muscles regain strength after rest**
- diplopia, ptosis
-impaired speech, dysphagia, respiratory distress
-no muscluar atrophy of loss of sensation or intellec
-dysphoria (voice impairment)
-bobbing motion of head
tx of myastenia gravis - ANSWERanticholinesterase: neostigmine, pyridostigmine
corticosteriors to suppress immune system
imunosuppressants
plasmapheresis!!
thymectomy- remove thymus gland if there is a tumor
what to aovoid with myastenia gravis - ANSWERhot temperatures, stress, certain meds,
infections, strenuous activity
