GRCC FORBES BI 122 EXAM 2025

Types of immunity - - Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired active immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity Naturally acquired active immunity - -long term resistance to pathogens due to initial natural exposure, e.g. Mumps, measles, chicken pox. Result of action of memory t and b cells. Naturally acquired passive immunity - -short term immunity (month - 1 year) provided to fetus via transfer of maternal antibodies in utero of in colostrum. Artificially acquired active immunity - -long term resistance to pathogen due to artificial exposure, such as vaccines Artificially acquired passive immunity - -short term (sev weeks) immunity due to infused antibodies (gammaglobulin). Vaccine efficacy - -vaccines are engineered to have 80-90% efficacy. Herd (community) immunity - -vaccination of a significant portion of a population provides protection for those not vaccinated due to interruption of disease transmission between susceptible hosts. Path note - hiv - -hiv reproduces in helper-t cells resulting in their death and compromise of immune system Antibody actions - -attachment and complement Antibody actions - attachment - -attachment - attach to antigen causing... A - agglutination (then phagocyzed) (blood antibodies B - precipitation (then phagocyzed) C - neutralization - toxic portions of antigen molecule covered therefore neutralized. Antibody actions - complement - -complement - group of proteins in plasma and fluids that are activated by antibodies that have docked wiht antigens. F: destroy pathogens Actions of complement proteins - - A - attract phagocytes GRCC GRCC B - agglutantion C - rupturing (lysis) membranes e.g. Defensins D - inactivate viruses e.g. Interferons E - coat antibody-antigen complex, therefore increasing phagocytosis efficiency e.g. Collectins F - inflammation Path note - newborns - -newborns receive antibodies from the mother via the placenta and additional antibodies from breast-secreted colostrum. Allergic reactions - -immune response against non-lethal substance (allergens). - immediate - delayed Immediate reaction (allergy) - -anaphylaxis Rapid over-reaction to antigen/toxin including vasodilation and bronchial constriction and inflammation response. (e.g. Hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema). Due to overproduction of antibodies in response to antigens and subsequent release of histamines and heparin from mast cells. Delayed reaction (allergy) - -results from repeated exposure of skin to chemicals, e.g. Latex, cosmetics, cleaners. Occurs 24-48 hrs after exposure Path note - peanuts and eggs - -new recommendations suggest that infants be intentionally introduced to peanuts, eggs and fish at 4-6 months as a "complementary food" to avoid allergic responses to these foods as well as asthma. Path note - vaginal delivery - -research indicates that transferring vaginal bacteria to the face and body of newborns delivered via c/s decreases exposure to such diseases as asthma, celiac disease and obesity. Tissue transplants - --foreign antigens initiate immune response --solution: find donor with most similar antigens to reduce tissue rejection reaction and use of immuno-suppressant drugs Tissue/organ sources - - 1. Isograft - from identical twin 2. Autograft - from own body e.g. Skin, bone 3. Allograft - from other human (including cadaver) 4. Xenograft - from other species e.g. Pigs Autoimmunity - -failure to recognize self-antigens and production of antibodies and cytotoxic t cells to attack own cells. E.g. Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus. Retrovrius - -uses rna as genetic code instead of dna GRCC GRCC Hiv infection progression - -1. Enters cells via receptor mediated endocytosis. 2. Moves through cells via transcytosis and resides in macrophages. 3. Infection spreads to helper t cells. 4. Hiv rna transcribed into dna, enters host nucleus and replicates. 5. New viral bodies fill host cell, break through membrane killing host cell. 6. Hiv spreads to new helper t cells, therefore lowering population, therefore preventing b cells activation and antibody production. 7. Pathogens invade and are unchallenged by a antibody-mediated response resulting in disease progression. Hiv mutation - -viruses and bacteria mutate rapidly since they do no contain paired chromosomes. 1. Mutates evolve within days of infection. 2. Mutants able to invade cytotoxic t cells. 3. 1-5 billion hiv particles produced per day in patients with aids. Life span changes - -1. Thymus gland shrinks post adolescence. 2. T and b cells number remain almost the same. 3. Immune reaction time decreases. 4. Autoimmunity events increase. Pulmonary syttem - -function - 1. Deliver o2 to tissues (for aerobic cellular respiration) 2. Remove co2 from tissues 3. Regulating of blood ph 4. Expel toxins, e.g. Liquors 5. Produce sounds 6. Thermoregulation Organs of the respiratory system - -nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Nose and nasal cavity - -a. Entrance for air B. Filter air via hairs C. Moisten and warms incoming air D. Dehumidifies exhaled air E. Trap particles/pathogens in mucus (lowering resp infections) F. Olfactory receptors Components of nose/nasal cavity - -ciliated pseudostrafied columnar cells, septum, conchae, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs Septum - -fleshy partition with cartilage between nares. F: increases surface area of mucous membranes Conchae - -increases surface area, increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity GRCC GRCC Sinuses - -empty into nasal cavity. F: increases surface area of mucous membranes, resonance chamber Pharynx - -a common passageway for solid food, liquids and air, production of sound Larynx - -produces sound via the vocal folds, prevents entrance of food and water into trachea (aspiration) via epliglottis Larynx componants - -cartilages - maintain larynx lumen Epiglottis - prevents aspiration. Swallowing raises larynx against tongue base closing epiglottis Vocal folds - false (close during swallowing to prevent aspiration, when relaxed they form opening called the glottis), true (vibrate to produce sound) Path note - smoking - -smoking slows movement of cilia, eventually paralyzing and destroying them. Mucus must then be expelled via smokers cough. Smoking increases mucus production, therefore mucus removal problems increase causing smokers cough. Path note - septum - -if the septum is deviated to one side of the nasal passage (deviated septum), air flow is restricted and voice is altered. Path note - sinusitis - -sinusitis is a inflammation of the sinus membranes resulting in pressure and headache. Path note - epiglottitis - -epliglottitis is an inflammation of the epliglottis that can result in asphyxiation. Common during childhood and very dangerous. A tracheostomy will re establish airway. Trachea - -function - A. Conduct air to and from lungs B. Trap particles in mucus Trachea components - -a. Ciliated pseudostratifies columnar epithelium with increased goblet cells. B. Tracheal cartilage - maintain lumen of trachea Bronchial tree - -conduct air to and from the lungs Bronchial tree components - -bronchus, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveolus Path note - bronchitis - -bronchitis is an inflammation of th