D439 FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING EXAM 4
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Body mechanics
___________ describes the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. The
___________ applied in the lifting and positioning techniques historically used in nursing
practice often caused debilitating injuries to nurses and other health care staff
body alignment
Correct _____________ reduces strain on musculoskeletal structures, aids in maintaining
adequate muscle tone, promotes comfort, and contributes to balance and conservation of energy.
Weight
____________ is the force exerted on a body by gravity. The force of __________ is always
directed downward, which is why an unbalanced object falls.
Friction
____________ is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement. The greater the surface
area of the object that is moved, the greater the _____________.
shear
the force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move
is called ____________. A common example is when the head of a hospital bed is elevated
beyond 60 degrees and gravity pulls a patient so that the bony skeleton moves toward the foot of
the bed while the skin remains against the sheets. The blood vessels in the underlying tissue are
stretched and damaged, resulting in impeded blood flow to the deep tissues. Ultimately pressure
injuries often develop within the undermined tissue; the surface tissue appears less affected
full-body hydraulic lift
One way to decrease surface area and reduce friction when patients are unable to assist with
moving up in bed is the use of ergonomic assistive devices such as a____________ . The lift
,moves a patient off the surface of a bed, thereby preventing friction, tearing, or shearing of
delicate skin, and protects you and other health care staff from injury
skeletal system
The ___________________ provides attachments for muscles and ligaments and the leverage
necessary for mobility. Bones are important for mobilization because they are firm, rigid, and
elastic.
calcium and phosphate
Firmness in bones results from inorganic salts such as ______________ that are in the bone
matrix. It is related to the rigidity of the bone, which is necessary to keep long bones straight,
and enables bones to withstand weight bearing.
vital organs, calcium regulation
The skeletal system protects ____________ (e.g., the skull around the brain and the ribs around
the heart and lungs) and aids in ____________.
osteoporosis and pathological fractures
Patients who have decreased calcium regulation and metabolism and who are immobile are at
risk for developing ______________ (fractures caused by weakened bone tissue).
red blood cell (RBC) production, and acts as a reservoir for blood
The internal structure of long bones contains bone marrow, participates in ______________.
hemoglobin and oxygen-carrying ability
Patients with altered bone marrow function or diminished RBC production tire easily because of
reduced _____________. This fatigue decreases their mobility and increases the risk for falling.
joint
The region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a _____________.
structure and degree of mobility
Each joint is classified according to its _____________.
,Ligaments
_______________ are white, shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that bind joints together,
connect bones and cartilages, and aid joint flexibility and support.
Tendons
________________ are white, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone
and are strong, flexible, and inelastic.
Cartilage
______________ is nonvascular (without blood vessels) supporting connective tissue located
chiefly in the joints and thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear. The characteristics of the
__________ change with the aging process, resulting in reduced thickness and calcification.
movement and posture
The nervous system regulates ________________.
precentral gyrus, or motor strip
The _______________, is the major voluntary motor area and is in the cerebral cortex. A
majority of motor fibers descend from the motor strip and cross at the level of the medulla.
neurotransmitter production
Movement is impaired by disorders that alter _______________, transfer of impulses from the
nerve to the muscle, or activation of muscle activity.
1. Postural abnormalities
2. Muscle abnormalities
3. Damage to the central nervous system
4. Direct trauma to the musculoskeletal system
5. Joint disease
What are the five pathological influences that affect mobility?
inequality of tone in muscle groups
, 5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Disorders of stance or posture result from an _____________, because of a loss of normal
postural reflexes, resulting in posturing of the limbs
scoliosis, or idiopathic
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Postural abnormalities can also be congenital, such as ____________ (cause unknown).
Postural abnormalities
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
_______________ can cause pain, impair alignment or mobility, or both.
1. Lordosis
2. Kyphosis
3. Scoliosis
4. Decorticate posture (hemiplegic posture)
5. Decerebrate posture
6. Dystonia
7. Basal ganglion posture
What are the 7 Postural Disorders?
Lordosis
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Exaggeration of anterior convex curve of lumbar spine
Cause: Congenital condition; temporary condition (e.g., pregnancy)
Kyphosis
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Body mechanics
___________ describes the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. The
___________ applied in the lifting and positioning techniques historically used in nursing
practice often caused debilitating injuries to nurses and other health care staff
body alignment
Correct _____________ reduces strain on musculoskeletal structures, aids in maintaining
adequate muscle tone, promotes comfort, and contributes to balance and conservation of energy.
Weight
____________ is the force exerted on a body by gravity. The force of __________ is always
directed downward, which is why an unbalanced object falls.
Friction
____________ is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement. The greater the surface
area of the object that is moved, the greater the _____________.
shear
the force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move
is called ____________. A common example is when the head of a hospital bed is elevated
beyond 60 degrees and gravity pulls a patient so that the bony skeleton moves toward the foot of
the bed while the skin remains against the sheets. The blood vessels in the underlying tissue are
stretched and damaged, resulting in impeded blood flow to the deep tissues. Ultimately pressure
injuries often develop within the undermined tissue; the surface tissue appears less affected
full-body hydraulic lift
One way to decrease surface area and reduce friction when patients are unable to assist with
moving up in bed is the use of ergonomic assistive devices such as a____________ . The lift
,moves a patient off the surface of a bed, thereby preventing friction, tearing, or shearing of
delicate skin, and protects you and other health care staff from injury
skeletal system
The ___________________ provides attachments for muscles and ligaments and the leverage
necessary for mobility. Bones are important for mobilization because they are firm, rigid, and
elastic.
calcium and phosphate
Firmness in bones results from inorganic salts such as ______________ that are in the bone
matrix. It is related to the rigidity of the bone, which is necessary to keep long bones straight,
and enables bones to withstand weight bearing.
vital organs, calcium regulation
The skeletal system protects ____________ (e.g., the skull around the brain and the ribs around
the heart and lungs) and aids in ____________.
osteoporosis and pathological fractures
Patients who have decreased calcium regulation and metabolism and who are immobile are at
risk for developing ______________ (fractures caused by weakened bone tissue).
red blood cell (RBC) production, and acts as a reservoir for blood
The internal structure of long bones contains bone marrow, participates in ______________.
hemoglobin and oxygen-carrying ability
Patients with altered bone marrow function or diminished RBC production tire easily because of
reduced _____________. This fatigue decreases their mobility and increases the risk for falling.
joint
The region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a _____________.
structure and degree of mobility
Each joint is classified according to its _____________.
,Ligaments
_______________ are white, shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue that bind joints together,
connect bones and cartilages, and aid joint flexibility and support.
Tendons
________________ are white, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone
and are strong, flexible, and inelastic.
Cartilage
______________ is nonvascular (without blood vessels) supporting connective tissue located
chiefly in the joints and thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear. The characteristics of the
__________ change with the aging process, resulting in reduced thickness and calcification.
movement and posture
The nervous system regulates ________________.
precentral gyrus, or motor strip
The _______________, is the major voluntary motor area and is in the cerebral cortex. A
majority of motor fibers descend from the motor strip and cross at the level of the medulla.
neurotransmitter production
Movement is impaired by disorders that alter _______________, transfer of impulses from the
nerve to the muscle, or activation of muscle activity.
1. Postural abnormalities
2. Muscle abnormalities
3. Damage to the central nervous system
4. Direct trauma to the musculoskeletal system
5. Joint disease
What are the five pathological influences that affect mobility?
inequality of tone in muscle groups
, 5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Disorders of stance or posture result from an _____________, because of a loss of normal
postural reflexes, resulting in posturing of the limbs
scoliosis, or idiopathic
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
Postural abnormalities can also be congenital, such as ____________ (cause unknown).
Postural abnormalities
5 pathological influences that affect mobility
_______________ can cause pain, impair alignment or mobility, or both.
1. Lordosis
2. Kyphosis
3. Scoliosis
4. Decorticate posture (hemiplegic posture)
5. Decerebrate posture
6. Dystonia
7. Basal ganglion posture
What are the 7 Postural Disorders?
Lordosis
7 Postural Disorders
Description: Exaggeration of anterior convex curve of lumbar spine
Cause: Congenital condition; temporary condition (e.g., pregnancy)
Kyphosis
