Semester 1 Fundamentals of Nursing
Exam Questions with correct Answers
2025/2026 A+ Graded 100% Verified
Four Stages of Infection: - ANS-Incubation Period - organisms growing and multiplying.
Prodromal Stage - person is most infectious; has vague and nonspecific signs of disease.
Full Stage of Illness - presence of specific signs and symptoms of illness/disease.
Convalescent Period - recovering from infection/disease.
Lab Data Indication Infection: - ANS-• Elevated White Blood Cell count - normal is 5,000 to
10,000 (look at trends of WBC counts of patients to determine whether ill or if they are getting
better, etc.).
• Increase in specific types of WBC.
• Increase in erythrocyte sedimentation (sed rate) - could mean inflammation which could mean
an infection.
• Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures.
Components of the Infectious Cycle: - ANS-• Infectious Agent—bacteria, virus, etc.
• Reservoir—source of the pathogen - can be a person or animal.
• Portal of Exit—ex: nose or mouth when someone sneezes.
• Mode of Transmission—direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, and vector.
• Portal of Entry—mucous membranes, respiratory, gastrointestinal.
• Susceptible Host—can ultimately be anyone, though some people are more susceptible than
others.
Standard Precautions Tier 1: - ANS-• Follow hand hygiene techniques
• Wear clean, nonsterile gloves when touching blood, body fluids, etc.
• Wear PPE during procedures and care activities that are likely to generate splashes or sprays
of blood/body fluids.
• Follow respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette.
• Avoid recapping used needles.
• Safe injection practices.
• Wear face mask if placing catheter or injecting material into spinal or epidural space.
Tier 2 Precautions When Dealing With - - ANS-• Airborne Precautions
• Droplet Precautions
• Contact Precautions
• Reverse and/or Neutropenic Protective
,Airborne Precautions: - ANS-• Used for pts who have TB, Chickenpox, Measles, SARS
(pathogen spread through the air).
• Very small m.o. that stays suspended in the air.
• Requires N-95 respirator mask.
• Requires negative pressure rooms.
• Keep door closed—always.
• Wear mask or respirator when entering room of TB pt.
• If pt has measles or chickenpox, respiratory protection should be worn unless immune to these
diseases.
• Transport pt out of room only if necessary and place surgical mask on pt.
Droplet Precautions: - ANS-• Used for pts with an infection spread by large-particle droplets
such as rubella, mumps, diphtheria, and adenovirus infection in infants and young children.
• Use private room. Door may remain open (place sign on door).
• Wear PPE for all interactions that may involve contact (usually just mask and gloves).
• Transport pt out of room only if necessary and have hem wear a surgical mask.
• Keep visitors 3 fee from pt (infected person).
• Remove mask and gloves outside of room.
Contact Precautions: - ANS-• Used for pts who have MDRO (multi-drug resistant organisms) -
C. Diff, VRE, and MRSA.
• Private room, sign on door.
• Everyone must wear PPE, gown and gloves.
• Remove PPE prior to leaving the room.
• For C. Diff, must wash hands with soap and water as alcohol based foam/gel is not effective.
• Use pt specific equipment.
• Sanitize non-specific equipment immediately after use.
Neutropenic or Reverse Precautions: - ANS-• Immunocompromised pts - those having chemo,
AIDS, burn pts, and recent transplants.
• Place sign on door.
• Caregiver and visitors must be healthy.
• Place in private room.
• No fresh flowers.
• If has to leave room, pt wear surgical mask.
• Keep visitors at least 3 feet away from p.
• Dedicated equipment.
Factors that Affect Patient Safety: - ANS-• Developmental stage.
• Lifestyle—social behavior, occupation, environment.
• Mobility and health state—psychological and physical.
• Sensory perception—vision and hearing.
• Ability to communicate.
• Knowledge.
, Other Factors that Affect Safety: - ANS-• Infant - SIDS,
• Toddler - stairs,
• Preschooler -
• School-Aged -
• Adolescent - Drinking and driving,
• Adult - Drugs, alcohol,
• Older Adult - Falls, taking a large number of meds, etc.
Specific Risk Assessment: - ANS-• Fall risk if pt has prior history of falls, older than 65, has
impaired vision, balance, gait, and/or mobility, uses mobility devices, has confusion
• Certain medications (those that can cause dizziness or hypotension as side effects)
• Unfamiliar environment
• Poor environmental control and/or care
If at risk...
• Keep bed LOCKED and in LOWEST POSITION.
• CALL LIGHT within reach of patient at all times.
• Proper lighting, appropriate footwear, dry and uncluttered floors.
• Companions/sitters/family members.
• Restraints as LAST resort (requires a doctor's order)
Physiologic Hazards Associated With Restraints: - ANS-• Suffocation from entrapment
• Impaired circulation
• Altered skin integrity—pressure ulcers
• Diminished muscle and bone mass
• Fractures
• Altered nutrition and hydration
• Aspiration and breathing difficulties
• Incontinence
• Changes in mental status
What is the Nursing Process? - ANS-It is basically an organized way to take care of your
patient. A systematic approach to creating and implementing a nursing plan or care.
Consists of:
ASSESSMENT - collecting patient data
DIAGNOSIS - anyalzying the data, identifying patient problems and determining patient
priorities
PLAN - Setting goals and establishing outcomes
IMPLEMENTATION - Taking appropriate action
EVALUATION - evaluating patient's response
ADPIE
Exam Questions with correct Answers
2025/2026 A+ Graded 100% Verified
Four Stages of Infection: - ANS-Incubation Period - organisms growing and multiplying.
Prodromal Stage - person is most infectious; has vague and nonspecific signs of disease.
Full Stage of Illness - presence of specific signs and symptoms of illness/disease.
Convalescent Period - recovering from infection/disease.
Lab Data Indication Infection: - ANS-• Elevated White Blood Cell count - normal is 5,000 to
10,000 (look at trends of WBC counts of patients to determine whether ill or if they are getting
better, etc.).
• Increase in specific types of WBC.
• Increase in erythrocyte sedimentation (sed rate) - could mean inflammation which could mean
an infection.
• Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures.
Components of the Infectious Cycle: - ANS-• Infectious Agent—bacteria, virus, etc.
• Reservoir—source of the pathogen - can be a person or animal.
• Portal of Exit—ex: nose or mouth when someone sneezes.
• Mode of Transmission—direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, and vector.
• Portal of Entry—mucous membranes, respiratory, gastrointestinal.
• Susceptible Host—can ultimately be anyone, though some people are more susceptible than
others.
Standard Precautions Tier 1: - ANS-• Follow hand hygiene techniques
• Wear clean, nonsterile gloves when touching blood, body fluids, etc.
• Wear PPE during procedures and care activities that are likely to generate splashes or sprays
of blood/body fluids.
• Follow respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette.
• Avoid recapping used needles.
• Safe injection practices.
• Wear face mask if placing catheter or injecting material into spinal or epidural space.
Tier 2 Precautions When Dealing With - - ANS-• Airborne Precautions
• Droplet Precautions
• Contact Precautions
• Reverse and/or Neutropenic Protective
,Airborne Precautions: - ANS-• Used for pts who have TB, Chickenpox, Measles, SARS
(pathogen spread through the air).
• Very small m.o. that stays suspended in the air.
• Requires N-95 respirator mask.
• Requires negative pressure rooms.
• Keep door closed—always.
• Wear mask or respirator when entering room of TB pt.
• If pt has measles or chickenpox, respiratory protection should be worn unless immune to these
diseases.
• Transport pt out of room only if necessary and place surgical mask on pt.
Droplet Precautions: - ANS-• Used for pts with an infection spread by large-particle droplets
such as rubella, mumps, diphtheria, and adenovirus infection in infants and young children.
• Use private room. Door may remain open (place sign on door).
• Wear PPE for all interactions that may involve contact (usually just mask and gloves).
• Transport pt out of room only if necessary and have hem wear a surgical mask.
• Keep visitors 3 fee from pt (infected person).
• Remove mask and gloves outside of room.
Contact Precautions: - ANS-• Used for pts who have MDRO (multi-drug resistant organisms) -
C. Diff, VRE, and MRSA.
• Private room, sign on door.
• Everyone must wear PPE, gown and gloves.
• Remove PPE prior to leaving the room.
• For C. Diff, must wash hands with soap and water as alcohol based foam/gel is not effective.
• Use pt specific equipment.
• Sanitize non-specific equipment immediately after use.
Neutropenic or Reverse Precautions: - ANS-• Immunocompromised pts - those having chemo,
AIDS, burn pts, and recent transplants.
• Place sign on door.
• Caregiver and visitors must be healthy.
• Place in private room.
• No fresh flowers.
• If has to leave room, pt wear surgical mask.
• Keep visitors at least 3 feet away from p.
• Dedicated equipment.
Factors that Affect Patient Safety: - ANS-• Developmental stage.
• Lifestyle—social behavior, occupation, environment.
• Mobility and health state—psychological and physical.
• Sensory perception—vision and hearing.
• Ability to communicate.
• Knowledge.
, Other Factors that Affect Safety: - ANS-• Infant - SIDS,
• Toddler - stairs,
• Preschooler -
• School-Aged -
• Adolescent - Drinking and driving,
• Adult - Drugs, alcohol,
• Older Adult - Falls, taking a large number of meds, etc.
Specific Risk Assessment: - ANS-• Fall risk if pt has prior history of falls, older than 65, has
impaired vision, balance, gait, and/or mobility, uses mobility devices, has confusion
• Certain medications (those that can cause dizziness or hypotension as side effects)
• Unfamiliar environment
• Poor environmental control and/or care
If at risk...
• Keep bed LOCKED and in LOWEST POSITION.
• CALL LIGHT within reach of patient at all times.
• Proper lighting, appropriate footwear, dry and uncluttered floors.
• Companions/sitters/family members.
• Restraints as LAST resort (requires a doctor's order)
Physiologic Hazards Associated With Restraints: - ANS-• Suffocation from entrapment
• Impaired circulation
• Altered skin integrity—pressure ulcers
• Diminished muscle and bone mass
• Fractures
• Altered nutrition and hydration
• Aspiration and breathing difficulties
• Incontinence
• Changes in mental status
What is the Nursing Process? - ANS-It is basically an organized way to take care of your
patient. A systematic approach to creating and implementing a nursing plan or care.
Consists of:
ASSESSMENT - collecting patient data
DIAGNOSIS - anyalzying the data, identifying patient problems and determining patient
priorities
PLAN - Setting goals and establishing outcomes
IMPLEMENTATION - Taking appropriate action
EVALUATION - evaluating patient's response
ADPIE
