Complete Solution Manual for Intermediate Accounting, 11th Edition
Chapter 1 Environment and Theoretical Structure of
Financial Accounting
Question 1–1
Financial accounting is concerned with providing relevant financial information
about various kinds of organizations to different types of external users. The primary
focus of financial accounting is on the financial information provided by profit-
oriented companies to their present and potential investors and creditors.
Question 1–2
Resources are efficiently allocated if they are given to enterprises that will use
them to provide goods and services desired by society and not to enterprises that will
waste them. The capital markets are the mechanism that fosters this efficient
allocation of resources.
Question 1–3
Two extremely important variables that must be considered in any investment
decision are the expected rate of return and the uncertainty or risk of that expected
return.
Question 1–4
In the long run, a company will be able to provide investors and creditors with a
rate of return only if it can generate a profit. That is, it must be able to use the
resources provided to it to generate cash receipts from selling a product or service that
exceed the cash disbursements necessary to provide that product or service.
Question 1–5
The primary objective of financial accounting is to provide investors and
creditors with information that will help them make investment and credit decisions.
Question 1–6
Net operating cash flows are the difference between cash receipts and cash
disbursements during a period of time from transactions related to providing goods
and services to customers. Net operating cash flows may not be a good indicator of
future cash flows because, by ignoring uncompleted transactions, they may not match
the accomplishments and sacrifices of the period.
Solutions Manual, Chapter 2 2–1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 1–7
GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) are a dynamic set of both
broad and specific guidelines that a company should follow in measuring and
reporting the information in their financial statements and related notes. It is
important that all companies follow GAAP so that investors can compare financial
information across companies to make their resource allocation decisions.
Question 1–8
In 1934, Congress created the SEC and gave it the job of setting accounting and
reporting standards for companies whose securities are publicly traded. The SEC has
retained the power, but has relied on private sector bodies to create the standards. The
current private sector body responsible for setting accounting standards is the FASB.
Question 1–9
Auditors are independent, professional accountants who examine financial
statements to express an opinion. The opinion reflects the auditors‘ assessment of the
statements' fairness, which is determined by the extent to which they are prepared in
compliance with GAAP. The auditor adds credibility to the financial statements,
which increases the confidence of capital market participants relying on that
information.
2–2 Intermediate Accounting, 11/e
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Complete Solution Manual for Intermediate Accounting, 11th Edition
Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 1–10
Key provisions included in the text are:
Creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
Regulate types of non-audit audit services
Require lead audit partner rotation every 5 year
Corporate executive accountability
Addresses conflicts of interest for security analysts
Internal control reporting and auditor opinion about controls
Question 1–11
New accounting standards, or changes in standards, can have significant
differential effects on companies, investors and creditors, and other interest groups by
causing redistribution of wealth. There also is the possibility that standards could
harm the economy as a whole by causing companies to change their behavior.
Question 1–12
The FASB undertakes a series of elaborate information gathering steps before
issuing an accounting standard to determine consensus as to the preferred method of
accounting, as well as to anticipate adverse economic consequences.
Question 1–13
The purpose of the conceptual framework is to guide the Board in developing
accounting standards by providing an underlying foundation and basic reasoning on
which to consider merits of alternatives. The framework does not prescribe GAAP.
Solutions Manual, Chapter 2 2–3
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 1–14
Relevance fand ffaithful frepresentation fare fthe fprimary fqualitative fcharacteristics
fthat fmake finformation fdecision-useful. f Relevant finformation fwill fpossess
fpredictive fand/or fconfirmatory fvalue. f Faithful frepresentation fis fthe fextent fto fwhich
fthere fis fagreement fbetween fa fmeasure for fdescription fand fthe fphenomenon fit
fpurports fto frepresent.
Question f1–15
The fcomponents fof frelevant finformation fare fpredictive fvalue, fconfirmatory
fvalue fand fmateriality. f The fcomponents fof ffaithful frepresentation fare fcompleteness,
fneutrality, fand ffreedom ffrom ferror.
Question f1–16
The fbenefit ffrom fproviding faccounting finformation fis fincreased fdecision
fusefulness. f If fthe finformation fis frelevant fand fpossesses ffaithful frepresentation, fit
fwill fimprove fthe fdecisions fmade fby finvestors fand fcreditors. f However, fthere fare
fcosts fto fproviding finformation fthat finclude fcosts fto fgather, fprocess, fand fdisseminate
fthat finformation. f There falso fare fcosts fto fusers fin finterpreting fthe finformation fas
fwell fas fpossible fadverse feconomic fconsequences fthat fcould fresult ffrom fdisclosing
finformation. f Information fshould fnot fbe fprovided funless fthe fbenefits fexceed fthe
fcosts.
Question f1–17
Information fis fmaterial fif fit fis fdeemed fto fhave fan feffect fon fa fdecision fmade fby
fa fuser. f The fthreshold ffor fmateriality fwill fdepend fprincipally fon fthe frelative fdollar
famount fof fthe ftransaction fbeing fconsidered. f One fconsequence fof fmateriality fis fthat
fGAAP fneed fnot fbe ffollowed fin fmeasuring fand freporting fa ftransaction fif fthat
ftransaction fis fnot fmaterial. f The fthreshold ffor fmateriality fhas fbeen fleft fto fsubjective
fjudgment.
2–4 Intermediate Accounting, 11/e
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Chapter 1 Environment and Theoretical Structure of
Financial Accounting
Question 1–1
Financial accounting is concerned with providing relevant financial information
about various kinds of organizations to different types of external users. The primary
focus of financial accounting is on the financial information provided by profit-
oriented companies to their present and potential investors and creditors.
Question 1–2
Resources are efficiently allocated if they are given to enterprises that will use
them to provide goods and services desired by society and not to enterprises that will
waste them. The capital markets are the mechanism that fosters this efficient
allocation of resources.
Question 1–3
Two extremely important variables that must be considered in any investment
decision are the expected rate of return and the uncertainty or risk of that expected
return.
Question 1–4
In the long run, a company will be able to provide investors and creditors with a
rate of return only if it can generate a profit. That is, it must be able to use the
resources provided to it to generate cash receipts from selling a product or service that
exceed the cash disbursements necessary to provide that product or service.
Question 1–5
The primary objective of financial accounting is to provide investors and
creditors with information that will help them make investment and credit decisions.
Question 1–6
Net operating cash flows are the difference between cash receipts and cash
disbursements during a period of time from transactions related to providing goods
and services to customers. Net operating cash flows may not be a good indicator of
future cash flows because, by ignoring uncompleted transactions, they may not match
the accomplishments and sacrifices of the period.
Solutions Manual, Chapter 2 2–1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 1–7
GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) are a dynamic set of both
broad and specific guidelines that a company should follow in measuring and
reporting the information in their financial statements and related notes. It is
important that all companies follow GAAP so that investors can compare financial
information across companies to make their resource allocation decisions.
Question 1–8
In 1934, Congress created the SEC and gave it the job of setting accounting and
reporting standards for companies whose securities are publicly traded. The SEC has
retained the power, but has relied on private sector bodies to create the standards. The
current private sector body responsible for setting accounting standards is the FASB.
Question 1–9
Auditors are independent, professional accountants who examine financial
statements to express an opinion. The opinion reflects the auditors‘ assessment of the
statements' fairness, which is determined by the extent to which they are prepared in
compliance with GAAP. The auditor adds credibility to the financial statements,
which increases the confidence of capital market participants relying on that
information.
2–2 Intermediate Accounting, 11/e
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Complete Solution Manual for Intermediate Accounting, 11th Edition
Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 1–10
Key provisions included in the text are:
Creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
Regulate types of non-audit audit services
Require lead audit partner rotation every 5 year
Corporate executive accountability
Addresses conflicts of interest for security analysts
Internal control reporting and auditor opinion about controls
Question 1–11
New accounting standards, or changes in standards, can have significant
differential effects on companies, investors and creditors, and other interest groups by
causing redistribution of wealth. There also is the possibility that standards could
harm the economy as a whole by causing companies to change their behavior.
Question 1–12
The FASB undertakes a series of elaborate information gathering steps before
issuing an accounting standard to determine consensus as to the preferred method of
accounting, as well as to anticipate adverse economic consequences.
Question 1–13
The purpose of the conceptual framework is to guide the Board in developing
accounting standards by providing an underlying foundation and basic reasoning on
which to consider merits of alternatives. The framework does not prescribe GAAP.
Solutions Manual, Chapter 2 2–3
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Answers to Questions (continued)
Question 1–14
Relevance fand ffaithful frepresentation fare fthe fprimary fqualitative fcharacteristics
fthat fmake finformation fdecision-useful. f Relevant finformation fwill fpossess
fpredictive fand/or fconfirmatory fvalue. f Faithful frepresentation fis fthe fextent fto fwhich
fthere fis fagreement fbetween fa fmeasure for fdescription fand fthe fphenomenon fit
fpurports fto frepresent.
Question f1–15
The fcomponents fof frelevant finformation fare fpredictive fvalue, fconfirmatory
fvalue fand fmateriality. f The fcomponents fof ffaithful frepresentation fare fcompleteness,
fneutrality, fand ffreedom ffrom ferror.
Question f1–16
The fbenefit ffrom fproviding faccounting finformation fis fincreased fdecision
fusefulness. f If fthe finformation fis frelevant fand fpossesses ffaithful frepresentation, fit
fwill fimprove fthe fdecisions fmade fby finvestors fand fcreditors. f However, fthere fare
fcosts fto fproviding finformation fthat finclude fcosts fto fgather, fprocess, fand fdisseminate
fthat finformation. f There falso fare fcosts fto fusers fin finterpreting fthe finformation fas
fwell fas fpossible fadverse feconomic fconsequences fthat fcould fresult ffrom fdisclosing
finformation. f Information fshould fnot fbe fprovided funless fthe fbenefits fexceed fthe
fcosts.
Question f1–17
Information fis fmaterial fif fit fis fdeemed fto fhave fan feffect fon fa fdecision fmade fby
fa fuser. f The fthreshold ffor fmateriality fwill fdepend fprincipally fon fthe frelative fdollar
famount fof fthe ftransaction fbeing fconsidered. f One fconsequence fof fmateriality fis fthat
fGAAP fneed fnot fbe ffollowed fin fmeasuring fand freporting fa ftransaction fif fthat
ftransaction fis fnot fmaterial. f The fthreshold ffor fmateriality fhas fbeen fleft fto fsubjective
fjudgment.
2–4 Intermediate Accounting, 11/e
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
