PLTW MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS TEST PAPER EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔What ethical issues are raised by human DNA-typing experiments? - ✔✔The ethical
concern that is raised when starting humans are...
-Patient identification
-Consent
-Understanding the limitations of the test
-Testing of children
-Confidentiality
-Duty to inform
✔✔From the PTC article #39, how does the ability to discern bitter taste have
evolutionary implications? - ✔✔The ability to discern bitter tastes evolved as a
mechanism to prevent early humans from eating poisonous plants.
✔✔Be able to identify information from a gel electrophoresis. - ✔✔By comparing the
bands in a sample to the DNA ladder, we can determine their approximate sizes. For
instance, the bright band on the gel above is roughly base pairs (bp) in size.
✔✔2.1.5 - ✔✔Maternal and Child Health
✔✔Why is it important for women of advanced maternal age to be offered more prenatal
tests? - ✔✔Individuals with anticipated delivery at age 35 years or older given the
increased risk of abnormalities and potential increased risk of congenital disorders.
✔✔What prenatal maternal serum screening tests are done in the 1st trimester and
what information do they give you? - ✔✔Fetal Ultrasound: NT Ultrasound
Maternal Serum Screening: hCG, PAPP-A
Prenatal Screening: Cell-free fetal DNA analysis
Diagnostic: Chorionic villus sampling
✔✔What is an NT ultrasound? - ✔✔A NT ultrasound scan that measures a fluid-filled
space behind your baby's neck. This measurement can help your doctor estimate the
risk of your baby having a chromosomal abnormality such as Down syndrome.
✔✔What is HCG used for? - ✔✔Tested in blood or urine to determine pregnancy, an
increased HCG usually indicates a trisome
✔✔What is PAPP-A used for? - ✔✔PAPP-A functions as a regulatory protein in the
insulin-like growth factor system, known to be important for placental formation and
regulation of fetal growth.
, ✔✔What is cell free fetal DNA analysis? - ✔✔Cell free fetal DNA analysis is used to
determine the risk for the fetus being born with certain chromosomal abnormalities,
such as trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. This testing analyzes small DNA
fragments that circulate in the blood of a pregnant woman.
✔✔What is chorionic villus sampling? - ✔✔a test made in early pregnancy to detect
congenital abnormalities in the fetus. A tiny tissue sample is taken from the villi of the
chorion, which forms the fetal part of the placenta.
✔✔What prenatal ultrasound screening tests are done in the 2nd trimester and what
information do they give you? - ✔✔Maternal Serum Screening: AFP, HGC, DIA, uE3
Ultrasound: Anatomy ultrasound
Prenatal Screening: Cell-free fetal DNA analysis
Diagnostic: Amniocentesis
✔✔What is an AFP test? - ✔✔An AFP is a blood test, a positive AFP PLUS test means
that you are in a higher likelihood group for having a baby with a neural tube defect or a
chromosome abnormality
✔✔What is a DIA test? - ✔✔DIA tests measure two hormones produced by the
placenta. Levels tend to be higher in pregnancies where the fetus has Down syndrome.
✔✔What is a uE3 test? - ✔✔A low uE3 level can indicate the possibility of aromatase
deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or fetal demise. uE3 test measures estriol.
✔✔What is an anatomy ultrasound? - ✔✔It checks on the physical development of the
fetus and can detect certain congenital disorders as well as major anatomical
abnormalities.
✔✔What is amniocentesis? - ✔✔It involves removing and testing a small sample of cells
from amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb. It is checking for
chromosomal abnormalities and usually sent to be karyotyped.
✔✔What is the difference between screening and diagnostic testing? - ✔✔Screening
tests are primarily used for early detection of disease or risk factors whereas diagnostic
tests are used to establish the presence or absence of disease.
✔✔Describe three things you can learn about a fetus by taking a sample of the mother's
blood. - ✔✔-Diagnose genetic or chromosome abnormalities.
-Check for and treat severe fetal anemia or other blood problems
-Check fetal oxygen levels.
✔✔Explain why a woman who is pregnant should avoid alcohol and drugs. What effect
do these substances have on the body systems of the fetus? - ✔✔Alcohol and other
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2025/2026 RATED A+
✔✔What ethical issues are raised by human DNA-typing experiments? - ✔✔The ethical
concern that is raised when starting humans are...
-Patient identification
-Consent
-Understanding the limitations of the test
-Testing of children
-Confidentiality
-Duty to inform
✔✔From the PTC article #39, how does the ability to discern bitter taste have
evolutionary implications? - ✔✔The ability to discern bitter tastes evolved as a
mechanism to prevent early humans from eating poisonous plants.
✔✔Be able to identify information from a gel electrophoresis. - ✔✔By comparing the
bands in a sample to the DNA ladder, we can determine their approximate sizes. For
instance, the bright band on the gel above is roughly base pairs (bp) in size.
✔✔2.1.5 - ✔✔Maternal and Child Health
✔✔Why is it important for women of advanced maternal age to be offered more prenatal
tests? - ✔✔Individuals with anticipated delivery at age 35 years or older given the
increased risk of abnormalities and potential increased risk of congenital disorders.
✔✔What prenatal maternal serum screening tests are done in the 1st trimester and
what information do they give you? - ✔✔Fetal Ultrasound: NT Ultrasound
Maternal Serum Screening: hCG, PAPP-A
Prenatal Screening: Cell-free fetal DNA analysis
Diagnostic: Chorionic villus sampling
✔✔What is an NT ultrasound? - ✔✔A NT ultrasound scan that measures a fluid-filled
space behind your baby's neck. This measurement can help your doctor estimate the
risk of your baby having a chromosomal abnormality such as Down syndrome.
✔✔What is HCG used for? - ✔✔Tested in blood or urine to determine pregnancy, an
increased HCG usually indicates a trisome
✔✔What is PAPP-A used for? - ✔✔PAPP-A functions as a regulatory protein in the
insulin-like growth factor system, known to be important for placental formation and
regulation of fetal growth.
, ✔✔What is cell free fetal DNA analysis? - ✔✔Cell free fetal DNA analysis is used to
determine the risk for the fetus being born with certain chromosomal abnormalities,
such as trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. This testing analyzes small DNA
fragments that circulate in the blood of a pregnant woman.
✔✔What is chorionic villus sampling? - ✔✔a test made in early pregnancy to detect
congenital abnormalities in the fetus. A tiny tissue sample is taken from the villi of the
chorion, which forms the fetal part of the placenta.
✔✔What prenatal ultrasound screening tests are done in the 2nd trimester and what
information do they give you? - ✔✔Maternal Serum Screening: AFP, HGC, DIA, uE3
Ultrasound: Anatomy ultrasound
Prenatal Screening: Cell-free fetal DNA analysis
Diagnostic: Amniocentesis
✔✔What is an AFP test? - ✔✔An AFP is a blood test, a positive AFP PLUS test means
that you are in a higher likelihood group for having a baby with a neural tube defect or a
chromosome abnormality
✔✔What is a DIA test? - ✔✔DIA tests measure two hormones produced by the
placenta. Levels tend to be higher in pregnancies where the fetus has Down syndrome.
✔✔What is a uE3 test? - ✔✔A low uE3 level can indicate the possibility of aromatase
deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or fetal demise. uE3 test measures estriol.
✔✔What is an anatomy ultrasound? - ✔✔It checks on the physical development of the
fetus and can detect certain congenital disorders as well as major anatomical
abnormalities.
✔✔What is amniocentesis? - ✔✔It involves removing and testing a small sample of cells
from amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb. It is checking for
chromosomal abnormalities and usually sent to be karyotyped.
✔✔What is the difference between screening and diagnostic testing? - ✔✔Screening
tests are primarily used for early detection of disease or risk factors whereas diagnostic
tests are used to establish the presence or absence of disease.
✔✔Describe three things you can learn about a fetus by taking a sample of the mother's
blood. - ✔✔-Diagnose genetic or chromosome abnormalities.
-Check for and treat severe fetal anemia or other blood problems
-Check fetal oxygen levels.
✔✔Explain why a woman who is pregnant should avoid alcohol and drugs. What effect
do these substances have on the body systems of the fetus? - ✔✔Alcohol and other
