ANPH 1001 Human Body Chapter 1 Exam 2025

Define the anatomic terms used to refer to the body in terms of directions and geometric planes. - -Terms of Directions: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Ventral, Posterior, Dorsal, Cephalad, Cranial, Caudal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal. Geometric Planes: Midsagittal, Sagittal, Horizontal, Transverse, Frontal, Coronal. Describe the major cavities of the body and the organs they contain. - -The Dorsal Cavity: Cranial Cavity, Spinal Cavity. The Ventral Cavity: Thoracic Cavity: Pericardial Cavity, Pleural Cavities, Mediastinum. The Ventral Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity Explain what a cell is. - -A cell is the smallest unit of life. The basic unit of biologic organization. Describe the major functions of the four types of human tissue. - -Epithelial: Covers and protects surfaces, forms glands, and lines cavities of the body. Connective: Binds together and supports other tissues and organs. Elastin and Collagen. Muscle: Characterized by elongated cells. Often called muscle fibers. They generate movement by shortening or contracting in a forcible manner. Nervous: Composed of nerve cells forming a coordinating system of fibers connecting the numerous sensory and motor structures of the body. List the major systems of the body, the organs they contain, and the functions of those systems. - -Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. Skeletal: Bones, cartilage, joints. Muscular: Muscle and tendons. Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Endocrine: Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pineal, portions of hypothalamus, pancreas, liver, kidneys, ovaries, testes, and placenta. Also included hormonal secretions from each gland. Circulatory: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood. Lymphatic/Immune: Thymus, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymphocytes, lymph. Respiratory: Lungs, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. Digestive: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver. Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Reproductive Male: Testes, epididymes, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands. ANPH 1001 AHN 572 Reproductive Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands. Define the terms anatomy and physiology. - -Anatomy: Study of the structure and organization of the body. Physiology: Study of what the body parts do and how they do it. Define homeostasis. - -The maintenance (within varying narrow limits) of the internal environment of the body. Abdominopelvic cavity - -The second subdivision of the Ventral Cavity. Separated from the Thoracic Cavity by the Diaphragm muscle. Contains the kidneys, stomach, liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus in women. Anatomy - -Study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized. Anterior - -Toward the front: The mammary glands are on the anterior chest wall. Cardiovascular system - -Or Blood Circulatory System consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. It pumps and distributes blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from the cells of the body. Caudal - -Occasionally synonymous with Inferior. Specifically means toward the tail. Cephalad - -Toward the head. Synonymous with Cranial and Superior. Colloidal - -Grouping of large molecules: Cell protoplasm is a Colloidal and aqueous solution. Connective Tissue - -Binds together and supports other tissues and organs. Often highly specialized (blood, bone, lymphatic tissue). It is made of different kinds of cells that produce various fibers (elastin, collagen) embedded in a matrix (substance) or nonliving intercellular material. Coronal - -A plane that divides the Anterior (or Ventral) and Posterior (or Dorsal) portions of the body at right angles to the Sagittal plane. Synonymous with Frontal. Cranial - -Toward the head. Synonymous with Cephalad and Superior. Cranial Cavity - -Contains the brain. Cross Section - -A cut at right angles to the long axis. Synonymous with Transverse Section. ANPH 1001 AHN 572 Digestive System. - -Includes the alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus) with it's associated glands (salivary, liver and pancreas) It's function is to convert food into simpler substances that along with other nutrients can be absorbed by the cells of the body and eliminate indigestible wastes. Distal - -Away from the point of attachment or origin. Refers to only the limbs: The wrist is Distal to the elbow. Dorsal Cavity - -One of the major body cavities. Contains the Cranial Cavity which contains the brain, and the Spinal Cavity which contains the spinal cord. Dorsal - -Another term for Posterior. Means the back side. Endocrine System - -Consists of the endocrine (ductless) glands. The master gland, or pituitary, controls the other glands (thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes) These glands produce hormones that chemically regulate the body's functions. This system works with the nervous system through the hypothalamus of the brain, which controls the pituitary gland. Epithelial Tissue - -Covers and protects surfaces (both outer surfaces like skin as well as inner surfaces of organs like the intes