ANPH 1001 MIDTERM EXAM 2025

Skeleton definition - -supporting structure of the body including bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments Mineral salts in skeletal system - -form inorganic matrix of bone Functions of skeletal system - -supports, protects, provides levers/movements, manufactures blood cells, stores mineral salts Hematopoiesis - -formation of blood cells Cartilage - -connective tissue found at the ends of bones and in joints Ligaments - -attaches bone to bone Tendons - -attaches muscle to bone Formation of bone @ 3mo pregnant - -the fetal skeleton is completely formed of mostly cartilage, then ossification occurs Longitudinal growth - -occurs @ epiphyseal plate Longitudinal growth in females - -continues until 15y/o Longitudinal growth in males - -continues until 16y/o Bone maturation - -occurs until 21y/o Osteoblast definition - -embryonic cells that form bone, develop from osteoprogenitor cells Osteocytes - -mature osteoblasts Osteoclast cells - -found in bone cavities, responsible for reabsorption and remodeling Types of ossification - -intramembranous and endochondral Intramembranous ossification - -dense connective tissue replaces by calcium salts ex. Cranial bones Endochondral ossification - -process of bone formation in cartilage 2 types of bone tissue - -compact and cancellous (spongy) AHN 572 ANPH 1001 Compact bone tissue - -dense and strong Cancellous bone tissue - -open spaced, spongy Compact & cancellous bone tissue - -osteocytes are the same, blood supply route different 5 classifications of bones based on shape - -long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular Long bone structures - -diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis Diaphysis - -shaft/body of a long bone, mainly compact Metaphysis - -flared portion of a long bone, mainly spongy Epiphysis - -ends of the long bone (distal and proximal) Short bone - -lack a long axis, irregular shape, thin compact bone Flat bone - -thin, found where there's need for extensive muscle attachment Irregular bone - -irregular shape, spongy, encased by compact bone Sesamoid bone - -small round bones, encased by tendon, adjacent to joints Bone markings aka - -processes or projections Spine process - -sharp, slender projection Condyle process - -rounded, knuckle-like Line process - -less prominent ridge Tubercle process - -small round projection Trochlea process - -shaped like a pulley Head process - -terminal enlargement Trochanter process - -very large projection Crest process - -narrow ridge of bone Neck process - -portion that connects to head AHN 572 ANPH 1001 What are the 9 different bone processes? - -spine, condyle, line, tubercle, trochlea, head, trochanter, crest, neck What are the fossae? - -suture, foramen, meatus, sinus, sulcus Suture fossae - -narrow junction between Z bones Foramen fossae - -opens pass for blood vessels, nerves and ligaments Meatus fossae - -long tube-like passages Sinus fossae - -cavity within a bone Sulcus fossae - -furrow or groove How many vertebrae are there? - -33 Number of cervical vertebrae - -7 Number of thoracic vertebrae - -12 Number of lumbar vertebrae - -5 Number of sacral vertebrae - -5 Number of true ribs - -7 attached to sternum Number of false ribs - -5 lower Number of floating ribs - -2 Number of coccygeal vertebrae - -4 fused Number of named bones in the body - -206 Axial skeleton includes - -skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum Appendicular skeleton includes - -upper and lower extremeties Number of bones in upper extremities - -64 Number of bones in lower extremeties - -62 Shoulder blade aka - -scapu