NURS 3730 TEST 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Define chronic/persistent illness: - Health conditions that persist over extended periods,
rarely cured, usually non-infectious, results in permanent impairments/deviations from
"normal", requires long-term management
Risk factors for chronic illness: - Non-modifiable (age, sex, genetics)
Modifiable (tobacco use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle)
Cultural/environmental conditions
Incidence/prevalence of persistent health problems in Canada - Health care system built
around acute/episodic model of care (higher readmission rates, underdiagnosis,
inconsistent monitoring, insufficient health education)
Illness Trajectory Model of Chronic Illness - 1. Pretrajectory - being at risk
2. Trajectory onset - appearance of symptoms
3. Stable - symptoms are being managed
4. Unstable - exacerbation of symptoms
5. Acute - sudden inset of severe symptoms/complications
6. Crisis - a life-threatening situation
7. Comeback - after recovery from acute phase
8. Downward - worsening despite management
9. Dying - final days/weeks; body systems shutting down
Shifting Perspective Model of Chronic Illness - Illness in foreground vs wellness in
foreground (perspectives shift depending on circumstances)
Expanded Chronic Care Model - Focuses on prevention, health promotion, and role of
SDOH
Stages of Change in the Transtheoretical Model - Precontemplation (not considering
change), contemplation (thinks about change, identifies barriers), preparation (starts
planning change), action (begins to change behavior through practice), maintenance
(practices behavior regularly), termination (change has become part of lifestyle).
Often nonlinear, may experience relapse, small lapses are normal.
, Types of stigma: - Social, enacted (discrimination), felt (internalized perception)
Individual responses to stigma: - Passing (as not having the illness), covering (to
minimize difference), disregard (no response/acknowledgement), resistance and
rejection (challenges societal perceptions/rules), isolation, stigma by association
(family/friends)
Prejudice: - belief/outward expression of opinion that is not based on reason/evidence
Stereotyping: - automatically assuming that members of a group have certain
characteristics
Labelling: - defining a person using a condition
Response to stigma as a nurse - Examine personal biases, beliefs, and behaviors.
Empathy, respect, dignity. Promotion of justice. Caring, collaboration
Factors creating social isolation in persistent illness: - Functional limitations,
personality/psychosocial impairments, personal or material resources, lack of
transportation, environmental constraints
Nursing interventions: social isolation - Encourage connection between previous
existing social networks, explain social connections (pets, support groups, church
groups), help identify transportation options, develop alternate communications,
alternate living arrangements.
Nursing interventions: powerlessness - Empowerment, health coaching and care
transition, health navigation, collaboration, self-management/determination, cultural
humility, advocacy
Elements of persistent illness that impact body image - Physical aids (wheelchairs,
hearing aids, home oxygen), medications, fatigue/pain make exercise and socializing
difficult, changes to appearance from condition, readmissions and exacerbations.
Nursing interventions: body image - Self-awareness of reactions to changes, provide
opportunities for expression of thoughts/feelings, identify sources of support and
strength, identify coping strengths/strategies, encourage self-care participation, CBT
Four M's of obesity: - Mental health.
Mechanical health (sleep apnea, GERD, osteoarthritis, urinary/fecal incontinence).
Metabolic health (DM2, HTN, gout, fatty liver disease, infertility, cancer).
Monetary health (education, employment, cost of living)
CORRECT ANSWERS
Define chronic/persistent illness: - Health conditions that persist over extended periods,
rarely cured, usually non-infectious, results in permanent impairments/deviations from
"normal", requires long-term management
Risk factors for chronic illness: - Non-modifiable (age, sex, genetics)
Modifiable (tobacco use, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle)
Cultural/environmental conditions
Incidence/prevalence of persistent health problems in Canada - Health care system built
around acute/episodic model of care (higher readmission rates, underdiagnosis,
inconsistent monitoring, insufficient health education)
Illness Trajectory Model of Chronic Illness - 1. Pretrajectory - being at risk
2. Trajectory onset - appearance of symptoms
3. Stable - symptoms are being managed
4. Unstable - exacerbation of symptoms
5. Acute - sudden inset of severe symptoms/complications
6. Crisis - a life-threatening situation
7. Comeback - after recovery from acute phase
8. Downward - worsening despite management
9. Dying - final days/weeks; body systems shutting down
Shifting Perspective Model of Chronic Illness - Illness in foreground vs wellness in
foreground (perspectives shift depending on circumstances)
Expanded Chronic Care Model - Focuses on prevention, health promotion, and role of
SDOH
Stages of Change in the Transtheoretical Model - Precontemplation (not considering
change), contemplation (thinks about change, identifies barriers), preparation (starts
planning change), action (begins to change behavior through practice), maintenance
(practices behavior regularly), termination (change has become part of lifestyle).
Often nonlinear, may experience relapse, small lapses are normal.
, Types of stigma: - Social, enacted (discrimination), felt (internalized perception)
Individual responses to stigma: - Passing (as not having the illness), covering (to
minimize difference), disregard (no response/acknowledgement), resistance and
rejection (challenges societal perceptions/rules), isolation, stigma by association
(family/friends)
Prejudice: - belief/outward expression of opinion that is not based on reason/evidence
Stereotyping: - automatically assuming that members of a group have certain
characteristics
Labelling: - defining a person using a condition
Response to stigma as a nurse - Examine personal biases, beliefs, and behaviors.
Empathy, respect, dignity. Promotion of justice. Caring, collaboration
Factors creating social isolation in persistent illness: - Functional limitations,
personality/psychosocial impairments, personal or material resources, lack of
transportation, environmental constraints
Nursing interventions: social isolation - Encourage connection between previous
existing social networks, explain social connections (pets, support groups, church
groups), help identify transportation options, develop alternate communications,
alternate living arrangements.
Nursing interventions: powerlessness - Empowerment, health coaching and care
transition, health navigation, collaboration, self-management/determination, cultural
humility, advocacy
Elements of persistent illness that impact body image - Physical aids (wheelchairs,
hearing aids, home oxygen), medications, fatigue/pain make exercise and socializing
difficult, changes to appearance from condition, readmissions and exacerbations.
Nursing interventions: body image - Self-awareness of reactions to changes, provide
opportunities for expression of thoughts/feelings, identify sources of support and
strength, identify coping strengths/strategies, encourage self-care participation, CBT
Four M's of obesity: - Mental health.
Mechanical health (sleep apnea, GERD, osteoarthritis, urinary/fecal incontinence).
Metabolic health (DM2, HTN, gout, fatty liver disease, infertility, cancer).
Monetary health (education, employment, cost of living)
