NR 507 Midterm Exam 2025 (Weeks 4–6) Multiple Choice
(with correct answer marked in bold)
Week 4: Renal & Urinary Disorders (Questions 1–30) **
**1. What is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis? **
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
C. Systemic lupus erythematosus
D. Hypertension
**2. Which lab finding is most indicative of nephrotic syndrome? **
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5g/day
C. Elevated BUN
D. Hyperkalemia
**3. Pyelonephritis typically involves which part of the urinary tract? **
A. Bladder
B. Urethra
C. Renal pelvis and parenchyma
D. Prostate
**4. The primary mechanism of injury in acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is: **
A. Infection
B. Ischemia and nephrotoxins
C. Autoimmunity
D. Urinary obstruction
**5. What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidney? **
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Renin
D. Cortisol
,**6. A hallmark of chronic kidney disease is: **
A. Progressive and irreversible nephron loss
B. Acute onset of uremia
C. Bacterial infection
D. Renal calculi
**7. Which electrolyte disturbance is common in renal failure? **
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
**8. What is a major consequence of reduced erythropoietin production in CKD? **
A. Hypertension
B. Anemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
**9. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis typically appears after: **
A. A throat or skin infection
B. A urinary tract infection
C. Pneumonia
D. Trauma
**10. Which diagnostic finding is most consistent with nephritic syndrome? **
**A. Hematuria with red cell casts**
B. Hyperlipidemia
C. Massive proteinuria
D. Elevated liver enzymes
**11. Uremic frost and pruritus in CKD result from: **
**A. Accumulation of urea in sweat glands**
B. Protein loss
C. Hormonal imbalances
D. Hyperglycemia
**12. The initial stage of acute kidney injury (AKI) is: **
A. Oliguric phase
, **B. Initiation phase**
C. Recovery phase
D. Diuretic phase
**13. A major risk factor for bladder cancer is: **
**A. Cigarette smoking**
B. Caffeine use
C. Obesity
D. Hypercalcemia
**14. Renal calculi are commonly composed of: **
**A. Calcium oxalate**
B. Uric acid
C. Cystine
D. Magnesium
**15. A common complication of peritoneal dialysis is: **
A. Hypoglycemia
**B. Peritonitis**
C. Hypertension
D. Anemia
**16. What is the most reliable indicator of renal function? **
**A. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)**
B. Serum potassium
C. Hematuria
D. Urine color
**17. The kidney responds to hypoxia by releasing: **
A. ADH
B. Renin
**C. Erythropoietin**
D. Angiotensin II
**18. A cause of prerenal AKI is: **
**A. Hypovolemia**
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Obstruction
(with correct answer marked in bold)
Week 4: Renal & Urinary Disorders (Questions 1–30) **
**1. What is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis? **
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
C. Systemic lupus erythematosus
D. Hypertension
**2. Which lab finding is most indicative of nephrotic syndrome? **
A. Hematuria
B. Proteinuria >3.5g/day
C. Elevated BUN
D. Hyperkalemia
**3. Pyelonephritis typically involves which part of the urinary tract? **
A. Bladder
B. Urethra
C. Renal pelvis and parenchyma
D. Prostate
**4. The primary mechanism of injury in acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is: **
A. Infection
B. Ischemia and nephrotoxins
C. Autoimmunity
D. Urinary obstruction
**5. What hormone regulates water reabsorption in the kidney? **
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Renin
D. Cortisol
,**6. A hallmark of chronic kidney disease is: **
A. Progressive and irreversible nephron loss
B. Acute onset of uremia
C. Bacterial infection
D. Renal calculi
**7. Which electrolyte disturbance is common in renal failure? **
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
**8. What is a major consequence of reduced erythropoietin production in CKD? **
A. Hypertension
B. Anemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Hypocalcemia
**9. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis typically appears after: **
A. A throat or skin infection
B. A urinary tract infection
C. Pneumonia
D. Trauma
**10. Which diagnostic finding is most consistent with nephritic syndrome? **
**A. Hematuria with red cell casts**
B. Hyperlipidemia
C. Massive proteinuria
D. Elevated liver enzymes
**11. Uremic frost and pruritus in CKD result from: **
**A. Accumulation of urea in sweat glands**
B. Protein loss
C. Hormonal imbalances
D. Hyperglycemia
**12. The initial stage of acute kidney injury (AKI) is: **
A. Oliguric phase
, **B. Initiation phase**
C. Recovery phase
D. Diuretic phase
**13. A major risk factor for bladder cancer is: **
**A. Cigarette smoking**
B. Caffeine use
C. Obesity
D. Hypercalcemia
**14. Renal calculi are commonly composed of: **
**A. Calcium oxalate**
B. Uric acid
C. Cystine
D. Magnesium
**15. A common complication of peritoneal dialysis is: **
A. Hypoglycemia
**B. Peritonitis**
C. Hypertension
D. Anemia
**16. What is the most reliable indicator of renal function? **
**A. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)**
B. Serum potassium
C. Hematuria
D. Urine color
**17. The kidney responds to hypoxia by releasing: **
A. ADH
B. Renin
**C. Erythropoietin**
D. Angiotensin II
**18. A cause of prerenal AKI is: **
**A. Hypovolemia**
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Obstruction
